安庆地区配偶吸烟与脑卒中发生风险的关系

目的评估中国安庆地区人群配偶吸烟和脑卒中发生风险的相关性。方法 1995-2005年基线调查中,通过问卷调查收集吸烟和其他相关变量。2010-2011年对基线人群进行随访收集脑卒中事件并进行核实。COX比例风险模型估计配偶吸烟与脑卒中的相关性。结果纳入分析16 706人,平均随访（7.0±2.2）人年,共收集231例脑卒中事件。调整性别、年龄、收缩压、体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、饮酒变量后,夫妻都吸烟人群发生脑卒中风险是夫妻都不吸烟人群的1.89倍（RR=1.89,95%CI：1.05～3.39）,本人吸烟与配偶吸烟对脑卒中的发生有交互作用（P=0.033）;本人吸烟配偶不吸烟人群与夫妻都不吸烟人群相比患脑卒中风险增加（RR=1.33,95%CI：0.93～1.90）,但差异无统计学意义。按性别分层本人吸烟与配偶吸烟的交互作用相对危险度男性为2.81（95%CI：0.62～12.85）、女性为1.04（95%CI：0.30～3.64）,表明无论男性还是女性本人及配偶都吸烟时可能增加本人患脑卒中风险。结论本研究证实夫妻都吸烟可增加脑卒中发生风险。     

广东省居民吸烟行为与体重指数关系的研究

目的探索广东省居民吸烟行为对体重指数的影响。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,2010年对广东省广州市越秀区、云浮市云城区、汕尾市城区、梅州的五华县、肇庆的四会市以及韶关的南雄市6个市（县、区）随机选取18岁及以上常住居民。利用集中调查和入户调查相结合的方式进行问卷调查和体格检查。问卷内容包括个人基本信息、吸烟、饮酒、饮食、身体活动、家庭经济状况等。采用率、比等指标进行统计学描述,均数间的比较用t检验和方差分析,利用多重线性回归以及协方差分析来研究吸烟行为与体重指数的关系。结果共调查3591人,其中男性1621人（45．14％）,女性1970人（54．86％）。其中调查人群的现在吸烟率为22．86％（821／3591）,过去吸烟率为4．85％（174／3591）,从不吸烟率为72．29％（2596／3591）。调查人群的体重指数平均值为22．96±3．32,从不吸烟、现在吸烟以及过去吸烟人群的体重指数均值分别为23．29±3．64、22．76±3．35、23．01-1-3．28。控制了性别、年龄、职业、文化程度、家庭人均收入水平、饮酒和运动量之后,发现现在吸烟1—9支／d、现在吸烟10～19支／d与不吸烟的BMI的均数之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中三者BMI的均数（95％凹）分别为22．27（21．75—22．80）、22．12（21．66—22．59）、23．03（22．90～23．16）。利用多重线性回归分析,控制性别、年龄、职业、文化程度以及饮酒等混杂因素之后,现在吸烟与体重指数呈负相关,其偏回归系数值为一0．552（P〈0．05）。结论广东省居民的吸烟率仍维持在较高水平,吸烟与BMI成负相关,但是吸烟导致BMI值降低的非常小。     

甘肃省2市医疗卫生机构从业人员吸烟行为现状及影响因素分析

目的了解甘肃省武威市和白银市医疗卫生机构从业人员吸烟现状及吸烟行为的影响因素,为创建无烟医疗卫生系统提供依据。方法采取分层抽样的方法抽取武威市和白银市590名18岁以上的医疗机构从业人员进行问卷调查,采用非条件Logistic回归分析探讨吸烟行为的影响因素。结果调查对象的吸烟率为23.7%,其中男性(44.8%)高于女性(1.1%),武威市(30.1%)高于白银市(10.5%),在各年龄段中51岁以上最高(37.0%),婚姻状况中在婚最高(25.3%),文化程度中以初中及以下最高(50%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,医疗卫生机构从业人员吸烟行为的影响因素主要有性别(OR=0.01)、年龄(OR=1.68)和参加控烟培训的次数(OR=0.26)。结论男性中老年从业人员仍然是甘肃省医疗卫生系统控烟工作的重点人群,加大控烟宣传,加强控烟培训对开展无烟医疗卫生系统创建具有重要意义。     

杭州市西湖区社区居民控烟立法前后吸烟现状及危害认知情况比较

目的评价杭州市西湖区社区居民控烟立法前后吸烟、被动吸烟状况及知识态度变化,为制定针对性的控烟工作和开展评价提供基础资料。方法应用多阶段单纯随机抽样方法,分别于2009年和2011年对西湖区6个街道54个社区中18～64周岁的常住居民进行吸烟相关知信行的问卷调查,两次各抽取调查对象1000名。结果2009年和2011年人群吸烟率分别为19．30％和16．50％（P〉0．05）,被动吸烟率分别为40．40％和28．30％（P〈0．01）,人群对吸烟与肺癌关系的知晓率分别为88．80％和92．29％（P〈0．05）,被动吸烟导致肺癌的知晓率分别为83．70％和90．29％（P〈0．05）;但人群对吸烟、被动吸烟与非呼吸系统疾病的关系知晓率仍不高。结论2010年《杭州市公共场所控制吸烟条例》正式实施后,西湖区社区居民2011年吸烟率较2009年下降了2．80％,被动吸烟率下降了12．10％,人群对吸烟、被动吸烟的健康危害认知有了明显的提高,但短期的干预工作对实际戒烟行为的效果并不明显,建议适当延长时间和增加强度,并积极倡导各部门参与,形成全区参与控烟的良好局面。     

Differences in Cigarette Use Behaviors by Age at the Time of Diagnosis With Diabetes From Young Adulthood to Adulthood: Results From the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Objectives

Previous observations propose that risk-taking behaviors such as cigarette smoking are prevailing among young people with chronic conditions including diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cigarette smoking is more prevalent among diabetics than non-diabetics and whether it differs by age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes from young adulthood (YAH) to adulthood (AH).

Methods

We used US panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health Study) during the years 2001 to 2002 (Wave III, YAH) and 2007 to 2008 (Wave IV, AH). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cigarette use behaviors according to age at the time of diagnosis with diabetes, after adjusting for demographic and selected behavioral factors.

Results

Of 12 175 study participants, 2.6% reported having been diagnosed with diabetes up to AH. Early-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis <13 years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report frequent cigarette smoking (smoking on ≥20 days during the previous 30 days) in YAH (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.27 to 8.79). On the other hand, late-onset diabetics (age at diagnosis ≥13 years) were more likely than non-diabetics to report heavy cigarette smoking (smoking ≥10 cigarettes per day during the previous 30 days) in AH (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.30).

Conclusions

The current study indicated that diabetics are more likely than non-diabetics to smoke cigarettes frequently and heavily in YAH and AH. Effective smoking prevention and cessation programs uniquely focused on diabetics need to be designed and implemented.     

Duration of cigarette smoking is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer mortality among Japanese men and women: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study (IPHS)

PurposeThe relationship between duration of cigarette smoking and the risk of oropharyngeal cancer has not been studied in the general Japanese population. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the duration of cigarette smoking and the risk of oropharyngeal cancer mortality in the Japanese population.MethodsIn this large cohort study, 32,989 men and 63,894 women, ages 40–79 years, who completed health check-ups in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, in 1993 were followed through 2008. Oropharyngeal cancer mortality was identified by death certificates. Smoking habits were divided into five categories, and years of cigarette smoking and pack-year classifications were divided into four categories. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for oropharyngeal cancer mortality were calculated by use of the Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsDuring the follow-up period, deaths from oropharyngeal cancer occurred in 38 of 32,989 men and 31 of 63,894 women. The multivariate hazard ratios for oropharyngeal cancer mortality were significantly greater for those subjects currently smoking for 40 years or longer (hazard ratio: 4.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.23–14.51), and they were greater with longer years of cigarette smoking among men (P for trend = .027).ConclusionsSmoking duration can be a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer mortality in the Japanese population.     

Co-variation in dimensions of smoking behaviour: A multivariate analysis of individuals and communities in Canada

We evaluated the effects of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of current smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day and pack-years, and the extent to which prevalence and consumption co-vary across communities, health regions, and provinces in Canada between 2001 and 2010. Current smoking, cigarettes per day, and pack-years were considered as outcomes within individuals using a multilevel analytical framework. Markers of SES were education, income, and occupation. Residual covariance estimated at the different levels of geography was used to determine if areas high in current smoking were also high on levels of consumption. A strong inverse gradient was found between education and current smoking and level of consumption with large variation found in levels of consumption between individual smokers. The co-variation between current smoking and level of consumption was positive and statistically significant at the level of communities and health regions. Our findings suggest that novel policy efforts may be needed to encourage smoking prevention/cessation among certain population groups and in places with high levels of smoking prevalence and tobacco use intensity.     

The influence of smoking intensity on the clinicopathologic features and survival of patients with surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer

Background

Smoking is a well-known carcinogen for lung cancer. However, whether smoking affects the biological behavior of lung cancer remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the influences of smoking intensity on the clinicopathologic characteristics of and survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 2238 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC between 1990 and 2010. Smoking intensity was defined as pack-years (PY). The patients were divided into three groups according to the median value of smoking intensity (40 PY): group A (never smokers), group B (smoking intensity less than 40 PY) and group C (smoking intensity more than 40 PY).

Results

There were 1629 (72.8%) male patients, and the mean age was 61.71 ± 13.17 years. Adenocarcinoma was reported in 1058 (47.3%) patients. The median follow-up period was 30.7 months (range: 0.0–261.7 months). The 5-year overall survivals for groups A, B and C were 60.1%, 51.6% and 43.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). In subset analysis by histology, the 5-year overall survival was significantly different according to smoking intensity in adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the non-adenocarcinoma. In adenocarcinoma, the incidences of vascular invasion (p = 0.028), pleural invasion (p = 0.013) and poor differentiation (p < 0.001) were higher and tumor sizes (p < 0.001) were greater in group C than others. On multivariate analysis, smoking intensity was an adverse risk factor for overall survival in surgically treated adenocarcinoma patients (hazard ratio = 1.008, p = 0.028).

Conclusion

Smoking intensity was an adverse prognostic factor after surgical resection of adenocarcinoma. Heavy smoking was correlated with poor pathologic characteristics in adenocarcinoma.     

吸烟与牙周病关系的研究

为研究吸烟与牙周病的关系，调查４３２名中老年男性的口腔卫生状况、牙周状况及吸烟习惯。结果表明吸烟者软垢指数与不吸烟者相同，龈炎区段数两者差异无显著性，吸烟者牙周炎区段数高于不吸烟者。重度吸烟者牙周炎区段数高于轻、中度吸烟者及不吸烟者。调查结果提示吸烟可能是牙周病流行的高危因素之一。     

Oral Candida carriage in smokers and tobacco users: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

ObjectiveTo synthesize evidence from observational studies that evaluated the association between smoking and smokeless tobacco with oral Candida carriage.MethodsFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, we searched through PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus without restrictions until April 2020 for studies that assessed this association. Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed by two independent authors using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A fixed-effect meta-analysis was performed due to insignificant heterogeneity between studies.ResultsWe identified 14 studies that were eligible for inclusion in this review. The pooled odds ratio (OR; six studies) for Candida carriage among smokers and non-smokers was 2.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47, 3.14; I² = 8%; P < 0.0001). The OR (five studies) for Candida carriage among smokeless tobacco users and non-users was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.29, 2.44; I² = 46%; P = 0.0004).ConclusionOur findings suggest a significant relationship between smoking/smokeless tobacco users and oral Candida carriage. However, observational studies cannot clarify whether the observed epidemiologic association is a causal effect or the result of some unmeasured confounding variables. Therefore, continued efforts to measure the association between smoking and oral Candida carriage are required.