经济、资源与环境系统的优化

分析了我国经济、资源与环境系统的现状及存在问题,探讨了它们之间的协调性,以及经济、资源、环境系统优化的有效途径.     

节约医疗--医学伦理学教育需要强化的观念

节约医疗是建设节约型社会的题中应有之义,节约医疗是医疗卫生事业健康发展的必然要求,节约医疗是医学伦理学教育的重要内容,节约医疗的伦理教育有其具体的内涵.在构建和谐社会、建设节约型社会的过程中,需要进一步强化节约医疗的伦理观念教育,提高医务工作者和医学生的节约医疗意识,这是当前医学伦理学教育的重要课题.     

上海部分幼儿生长和健康趋势调查分析

目的:了解目前幼儿生长、营养与健康发育状况,探讨不同经济发展区域幼儿生长变化中的异同。方法:对上海市区及城乡结合区域4所幼儿园的集居幼儿及其家长进行问卷调查,就其生长发育趋势、早期营养及喂养方式、饮食习惯和早餐主要饮食结构、目前存在主要健康问题等方面予以分析总结。结果:幼儿中超重及肥胖发生率为9.76%;营养不良发生率为12.20%。平均幼儿出生身高0.51±0.04m;出生体重3.17±0.53kg。出生半年中母乳喂养率(36/123)29.27%,人工喂养率(41/123)33.33%。经济发展快速区域幼儿早餐中奶类和蛋类摄入率较高,但不良饮食习惯较多。其前3位健康问题依次为易感染呼吸道疾病、食欲不佳、过敏症;经济发展相对缓慢区域幼儿早餐以米面类为主,奶蛋类摄入率较低,饮食不良习惯发生率较低,其前3位健康问题依次为注意力不集中、睡眠问题、易感染呼吸道疾病。结论:在经济转型变化速度不同的背景下,不同经济发展区域的幼儿中,饮食结构和习惯以及存在的健康问题有些差异,分析这些差异有助于指导对幼儿的健康干预。     

四川省血吸虫病控制效果与经济文化教育发展水平的关系

本文从县、村和个体三个不同层次论述了血吸虫病感染与年人均收入和接受文化教育程度的关系。经过搜集整理资料和抽样调查,结果显示,血吸虫病感染率随经济收入和接受文化教育程度增高而下降;年均收入达到1500元时;控制目标就应转向阻断传播;开展血防健康教育将提高血防效果。提出了不同类型流行区和处于不同经济发展阶段时,经济和文化教育对血吸虫病感染的影响的差别及其控制对策。     

脱氢紫堇碱对心血管系统的药理作用

延胡索治疗冠心病的药理研究已有报道,几年来临床用其醇浸膏制剂治疗心绞痛、冠不全、急慢性心肌梗塞有效,还发现其中脱氢紫堇碱(DHC)有明显活性,但报道除治疗胃溃疡外,研究甚少。为此进行本工作,并与四氢巴马丁(THP)比较。     

AChE-rich magnopyramidal neurons have a left-right size asymmetry in Broca's area

Acetylcholinesterase-rich neurons (AChERN) are a particular group of pyramidal neurons, displaying a specific laminar and ontogenetic pattern in the cerebral cortex of human and nonhuman primates. Using histochemistry and morphometrical methods, we have found a layer 3 magnopyramidal AChERN left-right size asymmetry restricted to Brodmann's area 45, a component of Broca's language area. This structural feature could be related to functional lateralization associated to syntactic processing and phonological working memory, and is consistent with a non-cholinergic role of AChE possibly linked to neuroplastic processes in the human neocortex.     

Gaze modulation of visual aftereffects

Physiological studies of non-human primates have suggested that the direction of gaze can modulate the gain of neuronal responses to visual stimuli in many cortical areas including V1. The neural gaze modulation is suggested to subserve the conversion from gaze-independent (eye-centered) to dependent (e.g., head-centered) representations. However, it has not been established whether the gaze modulation has significant influences on human visual perception. Here we show that gaze direction modestly but significantly modulates the magnitudes of the motion aftereffect, the tilt aftereffect and the size aftereffect. These aftereffects were stronger when the adaptation and test patterns were presented in the same gaze direction, than when they were presented in different gaze directions, even though the patterns always stimulated the same retinal location. The gaze modulation effect was not statistically significant for the post-adaptation elevation of contrast detection thresholds. The gaze modulation of visual aftereffects provides a useful psychophysical tool to analyze human cortical processes for coordinate transformations of visual space.     

Significance of Linear Extent of Breast Carcinoma at Surgical Margin

Background: Our objective was to correlate the extent of margin positivity and the findings on re-excision specimens of infiltrating mammary carcinoma.Methods: We selected 50 consecutive cases of infiltrating mammary carcinoma, including both infiltrating ductal carcinoma and infiltrating lobular carcinoma, with positive margins followed by re-excision. Margin positivity was defined as the presence of cancer at the inked margin. The extent of margin positivity was assessed by measuring the linear involvement of the inked margin by the carcinoma.Results: Twenty-one of 50 cases (42%) showed positive findings on re-excision, including either infiltrating carcinoma or carcinoma in situ or both. Nine of 14 cases (64%) with ductal carcinoma in situ or infiltrating ductal carcinoma on re-excision and 4 of 7 cases (57%) with lobular carcinoma in situ or infiltrating lobular carcinoma on re-excision had initial linear margins >1.0 cm, whereas 28 of 29 cases (96%) with negative findings on re-excision had initial linear margins &<1.0 cm.Conclusions: Linear measurement of the inked margin involved by infiltrating mammary carcinoma can be used as a predictor of findings on re-excisions.     

Tuberculin test

Although tuberculin test is widely used for detection ot tuberculous infection among children, there is no clear understanding about its performance and interpretation. This article has been written with the purpose of elucidating the performance and interpretation of standard tuberculin test, based on the experiences gained at the National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and other centres. The standard tuberculin test involves intradermal injection of "ITU PPD RT23 with Tween 80’ on the mid-volar aspect of forearm and measurement of the maximum transverse diameter of induration after 3 days. Larger the size of induration, higher is the probability of it being due to tuberculous infection. The majority of reactions with induration size of 15 mm and above are attributable to infection with tubercle bacilli, irrespective of BCG-vaccination status. While indurations of less than 5 mm indicate absence of any kind of tuberculin sensitivity, the majority of indurations in 5–9 mm range are usually of non-tuberculous nature. An induration of 10–14 mm requires more careful interpretation. It is more likely to be attributable to infection with tubercle bacilli in case of history of contact with smear positive case or among children with clinical findings of tuberculosis. However, the size of induration in an infected child may be diminished in the presence of immuno-suppressive conditions. One should also consider the purpose of the test while interpreting the test results.