贫困地区儿童环境卫生健康教育效果评价

目的了解河北省贫困地区儿童的环境卫生知识以及对健康教育的态度,探讨健康教育对儿童个人卫生习惯的影响.方法在目标人群中整群随机抽取298人进行基线调查,针对问题进行健康教育,经过5 a的干预后,用同一方法调查194名儿童在环境卫生知识、态度和行为等方面的变化.结果通过环境卫生健康教育,儿童的环境卫生知识、态度和行为发生了很大的变化,对引起腹泻的原因、引起肠道寄生虫病的原因、消化道疾病如何传播等方面知识的知晓率有了显著的提高(P＜0.05);同时,个人卫生习惯有了较大的改变,突出表现在洗手时间和方法、喝开水的人数等方面.结论环境卫生健康教育对提高儿童的卫生知识水平、改变不良卫生行为等方面具有重要的作用.     

学习成绩不良初中生心理卫生的干预研究

目的研究学习成绩不良初中生心理健康教育的内容、方法、途径,为制定具有较强针对性和可操作性的学校心理健康教育模式提供参考依据.方法整群抽取太原市某中学初一和初二年级学生358名为研究对象,以学习成绩不良学生为目标人群,对其进行心理健康教育的干预实验.用自拟心理健康问卷进行评价.结果干预后干预组对家庭和父母的感受、对自己的认识和感受得分和心理健康问卷总分接近中等组和/或优生组,且该组学生对自己的认识和感受问卷得分及心理健康问卷总得分干预前后变化不显著,而2个对照组干预后得分较干预前显著降低.与对照组相比,干预组干预后学习成绩提高显著.结论心理干预健康教育有助于改善学习成绩不良学生的心理健康状况和学习成绩.     

湖北民族学院土家族医学生心理健康状况

目的研究分析土家族医学生心理健康状况,为开展少数民族大学生心理健康教育提供依据.方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对湖北民族学院医学院1997～1999级医学生中的土家族学生509人的心理健康状况进行测评,并进行比较分析.结果被试中至少有1项SCL-90因子分≥3分的学生占21.41%,男、女及不同年级学生间比较,差异均无显著性.总体上,土家族医学生的心理健康水平优于国内其他地区大学生.结论土家族医学生心理问题不容忽视,且女生的心理卫生问题相对较为突出,应根据土家族人的心理特性对土家族医学生进行心理卫生教育.     

育龄妇女生殖道感染的研究

目的 :了解已婚育龄妇女的生殖道感染 (RTI)状况以及其变化情况、已婚育龄妇女对 RTI的知识、态度和意愿。方法 :采用现状调查 ,共调查了深圳市 5个镇的 2 32 8名已婚育龄妇女。结果 :调查对象的平均年龄是 35岁 ,其中 30以下的人占2 3.3% ;30～ 34岁的占 34.9% ;35～ 39岁的占 2 4 .3% ;≥ 4 0岁的占 17.5 %。小学及小学以下文化程度的占 11.5 % ,初中文化程度的占 6 4 .0 % ,高中及以上文化程度的占 2 4 .5 %。生殖道感染发生率为 4 6 .9% (10 92人 ) ,最主要的感染类型为念珠菌性阴道炎(76 .7% ) ,其次是细菌性阴道炎 (6 .2 % )。感染的人中 88.6 %接受过治疗。外阴、阴道、宫颈和生殖道分泌物的化验检查发现 ,异常比例在逐渐升高。其中 ,外阴和阴道的异常情况以充血为主 ,宫颈的异常情况以宫颈 I度糜烂为主。而 RTI的发生率与年龄有关 ,30～ 4 0岁年龄组的妇女 RTl发生率较高。有 95 .6 %的妇女希望得到生殖健康知识 ,她们认为比较理想也比较容易接受的生殖健康知识的途径和方式是阅读材料 (38.7% )、电视 (2 6 .8% )、当面咨询 (16 .3% )和讲课 (11.0 % )。结论 :被调查的已婚育龄妇女的生殖道感染的发生率相当高 ,而且呈现逐渐升高的趋势 ,当地有关部门应该利用育龄妇女渴望得到生殖健康知识的心?     

开阳县互助医疗的实施与初期评价

作为“农村互助医疗实验研究”的试点县，贵州省开阳县的互助医疗制度已运行了6个月。“开阳模式”是建立在互助医疗理论和观念基础上的具体操作方案，具体描述了开阳县互助医疗的实施方案以及实施6个月以来的初步结果，对制度实施初期的经验和不足进行了总结和评价，为建立和完善农村有组织的卫生筹资体制提供依据。     

突发公共卫生事件的三级预防与管理

如何全方位的预防和控制突发公共卫生事件,正成为我国现代化建设面临的重要课题.然而,在现实中,往往只注重发生突发事件时的应对,而忽略发生前的预防和事件的后期管理.为此,本文根据危机管理的周期理论,提出了突发公共卫生事件的三级预防,以研究和探讨如何全面预防和控制突发公共卫生事件.     

从有偿服务看公立医疗卫生机构的运作效率

鉴于公立医院的财政投入比重过小,对医院运作效率的影响不典型,所以,该文运用投入产出定量模型,比较全国疾病控制中心的"财政投入模式(计划包干模型)"、"有偿服务模式(市场运作模型)"和"财政投入与有偿服务混合模式(综合效率模型)"的效率,发现三类模式的运作效率比为1∶7.2∶2.8,得出了目前的财政在投入量不足前提下,投入的效率低下,有偿服务虽有待规范,但是,其市场机制下的高运作效率,尤其是提高运作效率的激励机制却是值得借鉴的,疾控中心因为财政投入和有偿服务收入各约占总收入的一半,因而,总体运作效率也是计划包干的2.8倍.因而服务收费占总收入90%以上的医院,目前的运作效率总体并不低下,问题是补偿机制扭曲下,医院的运作效率朝着拓展业务收入、提供能够增收项目方向发展,从而医疗费用过快增长等成为问题.因此,单个医院的高效率并不意味着卫生事业发展的高效率.     

Quality of life outcomes after brachytherapy for early stage prostate cancer

PURPOSE: We compare general and disease specific health related quality of life in men undergoing brachytherapy for early stage prostate cancer to those undergoing radical prostatectomy and age matched healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cohorts consisted of 48 men treated with brachytherapy with and without pretreatment external beam radiation therapy (brachytherapy group), 74 who underwent radical prostatectomy (prostatectomy group) and age matched healthy controls from the literature. The RAND 36-item general health survey, University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index, American Urological Association symptom index, validated Cancer Interference with Life and Family Scales, and sociodemographic and co-morbidity questionnaires were completed 3 to 17 months after treatment. RESULTS: General health related quality of life did not differ greatly among the 3 groups. Urinary function (leakage) was worse in the brachytherapy group than in controls but better than in the prostatectomy group. Brachytherapy group patients had more irritative urinary symptoms and worse bowel function than controls. Sexual function and bother were worse in prostatectomy and brachytherapy groups than in healthy controls. Physical function, bodily pain, urinary function, and bother and American Urological Association symptom index scores improved with time after brachytherapy. Patients who underwent brachytherapy after external beam radiation performed worse in all general and disease specific health related quality of life domains compared to those who did not undergo pretreatment radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: At an average of 7.5 months after treatment the general health related quality of life of patients undergoing brachytherapy with and without pretreatment external beam radiation was similar to age matched controls, although urinary, bowel and sexual problems were reported. These problems appeared to improve during the first year after treatment. Much of the impairment in disease specific health related quality of life among patients undergoing brachytherapy may be attributed to pretreatment radiation.     

某高校教职工健康状况调查

目的　了解我校教职工健康状况和疾病谱特征 ,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法　对 1 75 2名教职工健康检查数据进行统计分析。结果　我校教职工平均患病率为 88.30 % ,患病率随年龄增长而上升。高脂血症患病率最高 ,占 4 5 .89%。结论　加强高校保健服务 ,开展针对教职工的健康教育 ,是今后高校卫生保健工作的重要内容     

Injection practices in Burkina Faso in 2000.

BACKGROUND: Unsafe delivery and overuse of injections can result in the spread of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. The aim of the present survey was to estimate the frequency of safe injection practices in Burkina Faso. METHOD: Using the new standardized World Health Organization tool to assess injection practices, we selected 80 primary health facilities with a two-stage cluster sampling method, collected information using structured observations and provider interviews, and analyzed the data using Epi-Info software. RESULTS: We observed 116 injections in 52 facilities. In 50 facilities [96%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 85-99%] injections were given with a new, single-use syringe and needle. In 29 facilities (56%; 95% CI 36-74%), staff recapped needles using two hands. All 80 facilities visited had a stock in the community to provide new, single-use syringes and needles. In 61% (95% CI 54-79%) of facilities, staff reported needlestick injuries in the last 12 months. Used needles were discarded in open containers in 66 facilities (83%; 95% CI 55-96%) and observed in the surroundings of 46 facilities (57%; 95% CI 32-80%). CONCLUSIONS: In 2000, most of the health facilities in Burkina Faso were using sterile injection equipment. However, practices were still observed that could expose patients, health care workers, and communities to risks, and that required specific interventions.