Asbestos containing materials in schools of Rome and surrounding area (Italy)

Despite Italy banning use and production of asbestos in 1992, it continues to represent a risk to human health due to its permanence in the places where it was located. The aim of this work is to estimate how many schools in Rome (Italy) have asbestos containing materials (ACM), and to assess whether the location, condition and nature of ACM can influence the level of risk for student health. 3,672 schools were contacted and 1,451 participated to asbestos survey. 692 bulk samples were collected and analyzed by optical and electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. About 16% of the surveyed schools had ACM. Most of the ACM were not accessible to students (water tanks, boiler thermal insulations). Asbestos-cement materials and vinyl floor tiles were the most common non-friable materials found in schools and equipment insulation linings and Bunsen burner gauze mats were the friable ACM found in science laboratories. Measures to prevent or reduce asbestos hazards were applied where necessary. This study allowed to develop the awareness of the asbestos health hazard among headteachers and the need to manage these hazards appropriately. It represents the beginning of a larger study leading to ACM national mapping in schools.     

高职护理专业的课程设置

目的对高职护理专业的课程设置进行重构,为今后高职护理专业的课程改革提供方向。方法应用Delphi法对24名专家进行3轮专家问卷咨询,对咨询结果采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析,分析专家的一般情况、积极系数、权威程度,并比较、分析3轮专家意见的集中程度和协调程度。结果专家组成员具有较好的代表性、层次性和权威性(权威系数为0.8376),而且对本研究有较高的积极性;专家的意见协调集中(协调系数均0.5);依据3轮专家咨询的修订意见,拟定了新的"高职护理专业的教学计划"。结论应用Delphi法重构高职护理专业课程设置,对高职护理专业的课程改革提供了理论依据。     

高职护理职业技能训练测试指标体系的研究与应用

目的合理、全面地评价高职护理专业学生的职业技能水平。方法在临床护理专家的指导下,采用临床调研法,对高职护理人才必须掌握的职业技能项目进行规范,形成模块。结果构建了一套由10个护理技能模块、70个测试项目及评分标准构成的护理职业技能测试指标体系,改革了护理职业技能训练测试类型与方法,建立了高职护理学生准入临床实习标准和毕业生的专业技能标准。应用于护理教学工作2年以来,取得了良好的教学效果和社会效应。结论构建的护理职业技能测试指标体系,对高职护理实践教学有良好的导向作用。     

任务驱动教学法在健康评估双语教学中的应用

目的探讨任务驱动教学法在健康评估双语教学中的应用效果。方法抽取2007级高职涉外护理专业一个班54名学生为试验组,2006级高职涉外护理专业一个班59名学生为对照组。试验组采用任务驱动教学法下的健康评估双语教学,对照组采用传统的健康评估双语教学,在健康评估双语教学的同一阶段对两组进行考评并比较两组考评的结果,同时就学生对健康评估双语教学的态度进行问卷调查。结果试验组的各项考评平均成绩均高于对照组,同时试验组对健康评估双语教学认可程度明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在高职涉外护理专业中,采用任务驱动教学法下的健康评估双语教学优于传统的健康评估双语教学。     

高校医院发热门诊的管理

发热门诊是遏制传染病蔓延的第一道防护网。2003年严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndromes,SARS)疫情暴发之后,华北电力大学(以下简称我校)医院开设了发热门诊,主要服务对象为本校师生。经过15年的发展,发热门诊运行逐渐规范。现从医院管理、制度建设、医护培训、患者教育等方面就我校发热门诊管理进行探讨,以便更好地服务于患者。     

2008 - 2017年洛阳市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析洛阳市2008 - 2017年学校传染病类突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为科学有效应对突发事件提供科学依据。方法 收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统中洛阳市2008 - 2017年学校传染病突发公共卫生事件数据资料,采用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果 2008 - 2017年洛阳市共报告学校传染病突发公共卫生事件36起,报告级别主要为一般事件（75.00%）,共波及人口58 460人,报告病例数1 024例,未发生死亡病例;传播途径主要以呼吸道传染病为主;报告位居前3位的病种分别是:流行性腮腺炎（15起）、甲型H1N1流感（8起）、水痘（6起）,占总报告数80.56%;事件分布在全市12个县区,集中发生在3 - 6月和9 - 12月。事件发生场所农村小学最多（14起）;事件持续时间的中位数为9.63 d（1.24～70.31 d）,首例病例发生时间到接报时间的中位数是2.75 d（0.69～51.68 d）。结论 呼吸道传染病是洛阳市学校传染病突发公共卫生事件的主要类型,农村小学是防控重点,及早报告并开展处置有利于控制事件扩散范围和减少危害。     

Precarious spaces: risk, responsibility and uncertainty in school-based suicide prevention programs

We report on findings from an in-depth qualitative case study designed to closely examine the social practices of planning and implementing a four-part (six hour) classroom-based suicide prevention program within two classrooms in one secondary school in Vancouver, British Columbia. Representing a departure from traditional evaluation research studies in suicidology, we examine how school-based youth suicide prevention programs get brought into being in "real world" contexts. Using a discursive, critical constructionist methodology, we aim to illuminate the complexities of this work. Based on our analysis, we suggest that suicide (and its prevention), in all its complex and culturally situated forms, simply cannot be conceptualized through singular, stable or universalizing terms that transcend time and context. Implications for (re)- conceptualizing suicide prevention education are discussed.     

A multi-level model of condom use among male and female upper primary school students in Nyanza,Kenya

Although several studies have emphasized the relevance of community level variables to AIDS prevention among young people in sub-Saharan Africa, few have tested the empirical connections between such variables and sexual behaviors. Using data from 3645 sexually experienced grade 6 and 7 students from 160 schools, modeled on 7 and 8 and Campbell’s identification of community influences (2003), this study applies hierarchical linear models to estimate the effects of individual and community level variables on condom use among youth in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Four separate models were fit for both males and females. Results show significant differences across schools and communities regarding condom use. The predictors of reported condom use at last intercourse for both males and females were ethnicity, pressure to engage in sexual intercourse, and condom self efficacy. While age, religion, rejecting myths about the spread of HIV, and talking to male relatives about HIV/AIDS were all positively related to condom use for males, risk perception, socio-economic status of the school and school sponsorship by a religious group were negatively related to the outcome variable. For females, abstinence self efficacy and HIV prevention programming in community festivals were additional significant predictors, both increasing the odds of condom use. Our results suggest that there are marked differences in factors influencing reported condom use among males and females in Nyanza, Kenya. While some of these factors exist at the individual level, others exist at the school/community level. Based on our findings, we recommend that AIDS prevention interventions take account not only of individual-level factors, but also school/community influences on the sexual behaviors of youth.     

Effectiveness of web-based education on Kenyan and Brazilian adolescents' knowledge about HIV/AIDS, abortion law, and emergency contraception: findings from TeenWeb

Little evidence is available about the utility of web-based health education for students in low resource settings. This paper reports results from an evaluation of the TeenWeb project, a multi-year, web-based health education intervention implemented in two urban settings: Nairobi, Kenya (N=1178 school students) and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (N=714 school students). A quasi-experimental, school-based pre-test/post-test design was implemented at each study site to determine if easy access to web-based reproductive health information, combined with intellectual "priming" about reproductive health topics, would result in improved knowledge and attitudes about topics such as condom use, access to HIV testing, emergency contraception and abortion laws. Students in web-access schools completed one web-based module approximately every 6-8 weeks, and in return, had access to the Internet for at least 30 min after completing each module. Although students were encouraged to access project-supplied web-based health information, freedom of web navigation was an incentive, so they could choose to access other Internet content instead. Most measures showed statistically significant differences between students in "web" and "comparison" conditions at post-test, but only about half of the differences were in the hypothesized direction. Results of an embedded experiment employing more directed feedback tripled the likelihood of correctly reporting the duration of emergency contraception effectiveness. Review of URL logs suggests that the modest results were due to inadequate exposure to educational materials. Future intervention should focus on teen's purposeful searching for health information when they are in personal circumstances of unmet health needs.     

Exploratory study of air quality in elementary schools,Coimbra, Portugal

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the air quality in elementary schools and their structural and functional conditions.

METHODS

Air quality in 51 elementary schools (81 classrooms) in the city of Coimbra, Portugal, both inside and outside of the rooms was evaluated during the four seasons, from 2010 to 2011. Temperature (T°), relative humidity (Hr), concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), compounds were evaluated, as were volatile organics (VOC), formaldehyde and particulate matter (PM₁₀), from November 2010 to February 2011 (autumn/winter) and March 2011 to June 2011 (spring/summer). A grid characterizing the structural and functional conditions of the schools was created. The statistical Student t test for paired samples and the Wilcoxon t test were applied.

RESULTS

In 47 schools, the average CO₂concentrations were above the maximum reference concentration (984 ppm) mentioned in Portuguese legislation. The maximum concentration values found inside the rooms were critical, especially in the fall/winter (5,320 ppm). In some schools the average concentrations of VOC and PM₁₀within the maximum concentration exceeded the reference legislated. The values (risk) of CO, formaldehyde, NO₂, SO₂and O₃detected were not relevant.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a higher concentration of pollutants inside the rooms compared with outside. Inadequate ventilation is associated with high CO₂concentration in the classroom.