医科大学生心理品质相关分析

目的：了解医科大学生心理特性之间相互关系,为心理素质培养提供理论依据。方法：选用支配性量表、社会责任感量表、人际沟通调查表、成就动机量表、行为类型问卷、１６ＰＦ及ＳＣＬ－９０等心理量表测查医科大学生,对各量表得分进行相关分析。结果：人际沟通、社会责任感与支配性三者相互之间成正相关;Ａ型行为与追求成功的动机正相关,与社会责任感、支配性负相关;负性情绪与人际沟通、社会责任感、支配性负相关,与１６ＰＦ的Ｍ因素、Ｑ３因素正相关。结论：社会责任感和支配性有利于人际交往;Ａ型行为者可能有缺乏社会责任感倾向;加强责任感、正义感、自信心,善于与人沟通有利于改善情绪状态;过于放纵自己或对自己过于苛刻都可能容易出现负性情绪。     

High-altitude retinopathy and altitude illness

Objective

To determine the relationship between high-altitude retinopathy (HAR) and other altitude-related illnesses and establish a classification system for HAR.

2 837名中学生近视进展情况的调查研究

目的了解中学生近视进展情况及相关因素,分析近视进展的原因。方法以调查表的形式,调查了本市７所中学在校患近视眼的学生,选出符合条件的２８３７名作为调查对象。结果２８３７名学生中３ａ来近视进展者１８６１名,占６５．６０％,且近视进展率随年级增加而呈上升趋势,高中学生近视进展率较初中学生有非常显著性差异。近视进展度数在－０．７５～－１．５０Ｄ之间的占７４．１６％．相关因素中,每日学习时间达１２～１３ｈ的占８９．５３％;经常连续学习超过９０ｍｉｎ的占６７．２５％;每日睡眠不足８ｈ的占４７．３４％．结论长时间的近距离作业、睡眠不足是近视进展的主要原因。减轻学生的学习负担,是防止近视进展的关键。     

Prevalence of self-reported back pain in school children: A study of sociodemographic differences

The study considers the prevalence of back pain experienced in a nationwide random sample of 2173 Icelandic school children aged 11–12 and 15–16. The study found a 20.6% prevalence of at least weekly back pain. The prevalence of back pain was significantly more frequent among the older children. No gender or class difference was found in the overall sample. Older children from rural areas have significantly more back pain than those living in the city. The need for a thorough epidemiological investigation of the association of back pain in children is emphasized.     

Effect of low-dose phenobarbital on hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity

To determine whether hepatic microsomal enzyme induction occurs in rats following administration of phenobarbital at doses similar to those used in humans (0.5 to 7.5 mg/kg), UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) and cytochrome P-450 activities were measured in liver homogenate and microsomal preparations from control rats and rats treated for 6 days with phenobarbital at 1 and 3 mg per kg per day. While no significant increases in liver weight and protein content of homogenate and microsomal preparations were observed with either dose of the drug, both UDPGT and P-450 activities were enhanced significantly following administration of phenobarbital at 3 mg per kg per day. The activity of P-450 was increased by approximately 30% and that of UDPGT by 15-24 and 45-66%, respectively, employing bilirubin and p-nitrophenol as the acceptor substrate. The extent of induction of bilirubin or p-nitrophenol UDPGT was similar when measured with "native" enzyme or with enzyme activated by UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine, digitonin or deoxycholate. These data suggest that the discordant effects of phenobarbital on UDPGT and cytochrome P-450 previously reported in humans and rats may not be attributable solely to differences in the drug doses employed.     

Dietary salt and blood pressure

Research evidence on the role of dietary sodium in the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension is briefly reviewed. This matter is assuming new importance at present, given new data on the efficacy of normalization of blood pressure for adults with so-called "mild" hypertension (average diastolic 90-104 mm Hg), hence the need for safe nutritional-hygienic alternatives to years-long drug treatment for millions of people with such hypertension. Two trials by the authors deal with some unresolved questions in this area. The first, a preliminary study, involved 21 lacto-ovo-vegetarian high school students living in a boarding school. With decrease in daily Na intake from 216 to 72 meq for the experimental compared with the control group, red blood cell Na concentration was significantly lower in the former; systolic pressure was slightly but not significantly lower. The second trial, the Primary Prevention of Hypertension, involves over 200 hypertension-prone persons aged 30-44, and explores the ability in the experimental group to reduce blood pressure and prevent development of hypertension by safe nutritional-hygienic means (weight reduction, dietary Na decrease, avoidance of excess alcohol, rhythmic exercise). Initial results at 6 months are presented. Trials on the prevention and control of hypertension by nonpharmacologic means, including reduced Na intake, and involving analyses of the inter-relationships among dietary Na, other dietary factors, Na metabolism, and blood pressure in samples from different population strata, are an important present-day research need.     

Dynamic radionuclide imaging as a means of evaluating vascular perfusion of the upper extremity: a preliminary report

Vascular competence in the upper extremities of 44 patients was evaluated by three-phase bone scans consisting of rapid sequence dynamic radionuclide imaging (DRI), an immediate postinjection "blood pool" image, and a 3- to 4-hour delayed image. Findings were correlated with definitive anatomy determined by arteriography, operative findings, or both, in 50 extremities. DRI provided the correct diagnosis in all but four extremities (92%). Limited resolution precluded precise anatomic definition of aneurysms in three limbs and of digital artery occlusion, with adequate collateral circulation in the fourth limb. The greatest value of DRI was its provision of quantitative information about relative blood flow and preferential perfusion in every instance. We believe DRI to be a useful adjunct to preoperative and postoperative assessment of arterial perfusion.     

儿童感觉统合失调对儿童学习能力及行为影响的研究

目的探讨儿童感觉统合失调对学习能力和行为的影响。方法对端州区三间小学及两间幼儿园正常学龄儿童随意抽样共1230名进行感觉统合失调与学习及有关行为的调查。结果在1230名的学龄儿童中感觉统合失调发生率为42．2％，其中男：女为1．33：1，对学习成绩及行为异常有明显影响。结论加强儿童感觉统合领域的研究，促进儿童更好发挥潜力，健康成长。     

关于中医创新性人才培养的几点思考

在简述中医教育创新的意义及以往医学院校教学改革经验和措施的同时,重点从帮助学生树立富于创造性的目标与意图,强化自身内在动机;帮助学生掌握专业知识;奖励学生的创新观点;激发学生的好奇心和探索精神;帮助学生克服创造的困难,树立自信;吸取以往的经验等几个方面论述了培养中医创新性人才的方法.     

An obstetric and gynecologic clerkship''s influence on a medical community: The Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho Anchorage obstetric and gynecologic clerkship

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to explore the influences of an obstetric and gynecologic medical student clerkship on a remote medical community. Return of physicians to Alaska and faculty perceptions of their experience were central foci.STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained on former clerks to determine choice of speciality and location of practice. Data regarding all physicians new to Alaska was correlated with the University of Washington Medical School graduate data. Additionally, a questionnaire with a Likert-type scale evaluated the 10 clinical faculty members participating in the clerkship.RESULTS: Between 1978 and 1991 we trained 266 clerks. A total of 77 of 374 (21%) new physicians in Alaska (1978 to 1991) were graduates of the University of Washington; 26 of those 77 (34%) were our former Anchorage obstetrics and gynecology clerks. The clinical faculty reported both positive and negative effects of their participation in the clerkship.CONCLUSION: The desired benefit, the return of new physicians to Alaska, seemed supported. Questionnaire results hinted at additional benefits for the supervising faculty physicians in this isolated community. The formal affiliation effected by the clerkship seemed to have a positive impact on patient care, communication, consultation, and shared action among the participating physicians. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:1363-7.)