中成药中化学药成分含量均匀度限度的研究

目的:为合理制定中成药含量均匀度限度提供依据。方法:以消渴丸为基础药物,测定100丸消渴丸中格列本脲的含量。在此试验数据基础上,采用随机正态分布函数生成大量的符合正态分布的模拟含量数据,采用统计学方法,研究服用剂量与标准差及合格率之间的相关性。结果:服用多个单位剂量后的标准差与服用个数的平方根成反比,按服用个数组合后的含量合格率明显提高。结论:中成药含量均匀度限度可根据服用个数合理放宽;推荐按服用个数组合后测试。     

Assessing relational schemas in parents of children with externalizing behavior disorders: Reliability and validity of the Family Affective Attitude Rating Scale

Direct observational assessment of parent-child interaction is important in clinical intervention with conduct-problem children, but is costly and resource-intensive. We examined the reliability and validity of a brief measure of parents' relational schemas (RSs) regarding their child. Children (aged 4 to 11 years) and their families receiving treatment at a clinic for externalizing behavior problems (n = 150) or mood/developmental disorders (n = 28) were assessed using a multi-method, multi-informant procedure. RSs were coded from Five-Minute Speech Samples (FMSS) using the Family Affective Attitude Rating Scale (FAARS), and were compared with directly observed parent-child interaction and questionnaire measures of family and parental dysfunction and conduct problems. Mothers' and fathers' RS scales were internally consistent and could be reliably coded in under 10 min. Less positive RSs and more negative RSs were associated with higher rates of child conduct problems, and were more characteristic of the speech samples of parents of children with externalizing disorders, compared with clinic control parents. RSs demonstrated some associations with parenting behavior and measures of family functioning and symptoms of parental psychopathology, and predicted conduct problems independently of observed parental criticism. The results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the FAARS assessment of parental RSs in clinic-referred families. This brief measure of parent-child dynamics appears well-suited to ‘real-world’ (i.e., community) clinical settings in which intensive methods of observation are often not feasible.     

不同检测样品对孕妇及胎儿农药接触情况评价的影响

随着农药越来越广泛的应用,其对人类特别是通过孕妇暴露而间接对胎儿发育造成的影响,已引起社会的广泛关注、是目前公共卫生领域研究的热点问题之一。准确地检测孕妇体内以及胎儿体内的农药残留量,以便尽可能早的启动干预措施预防和加强对孕妇和胎儿的保护就显得越来越重要了,但是选用何种样本的检测结果作为一种可靠的、标准的判断指标,到目前为止,无论在国际上还是在国内,都还没有一个较为统一的观点。这里就近几年来国内、外有关孕妇及胎儿的农药检测的样本的选择及其保存做了一个概括性的介绍,并通过检测结果评价了每种样本各自的优缺点。     

Recent advances in SPME techniques in biomedical analysis

Biomedical analyses of drugs, metabolites, poisons, environmental and occupational pollutants, disease biomarkers and endogenous substances in body fluids and tissues are important in the development of new drugs, therapeutic monitoring, forensic toxicology, patient diagnosis, and biomonitoring of human exposure to hazardous chemicals. In these analyses, sample preparation is essential for isolation of desired components from complex biological matrices and greatly influences their reliable and accurate determination. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an effective sample preparation technique that has enabled miniaturization, automation and high-throughput performance. The use of SPME has reduced assay times, as well as the costs of solvents and disposal. This review focuses on recent advances in novel SPME techniques, including fiber SPME and in-tube SPME, in biomedical analysis. We also summarize the applications of these techniques to pharmacotherapeutic, forensic, and diagnostic studies, and to determinations of environmental and occupational exposure.     

Priapism in the United States: the changing role of sickle cell disease

Background

Few patients with priapism require inpatient management unless they are refractory to intracavernosal therapy. Their risk factors and outcomes are poorly characterized.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998–2006). Priapism patients were identified and analyzed over time by age, race, sickle-cell disease diagnosis, drug abuse, and penile operations.

Results

A total of 4,237 hospitalizations for priapism were identified (30% white, 61.1% black, and 6.3% Hispanics). There was an increasing incidence of priapism over time, concentrated in the middle-age group. There were 1,776 patients (41.9%) with diagnoses of sickle-cell disease, with decreasing proportions over time. Drug abuse was reported in 7.9%.

Conclusions

Inpatient diagnoses of priapism are increasing over time with relatively constant numbers of sickle-cell disease patients, suggesting rising nonhematologic causes of priapism. One theory is that increasing use of aggressive therapies for erectile dysfunction might play a role, especially when combined with drug abuse.     

Laparoscopic converted to open colectomy: predictors and outcomes from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Background

Early in their learning curve, surgeons need to appropriately select patients to avoid conversion from laparoscopic to an open colectomy.

Methods

Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, laparoscopic and laparoscopic converted to open colectomies performed between 2002 and 2007 were compared. We evaluated patient and institutional characteristics to find significant predictors and outcomes of conversion.

Results

Between 2002 and 2007, the rate of conversion was high, ranging from 35.7% to 38.0%. Multivariate predictors of conversion included obesity, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, metastatic disease, nonelective admission, left or transverse colectomy, intraoperative complication, lower socioeconomic status, uninsured status, and rural hospital location. A colectomy for benign colon polyps was less likely to be converted. Conversion to an open colectomy did not increase inpatient mortality.

Conclusions

Predictors of conversion from open to laparoscopic colectomy were found from a national database reflecting all US laparoscopic colectomies. Conversion did not increase inpatient mortality.     

Simultaneous determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in river water samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using molecularly imprinted polymers as a pretreatment column

A restricted access media-molecularly imprinted polymer (RAM-MIP) for flufenamic acid has been developed for the simultaneous determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in river water samples. The RAM-MIP was prepared using 4-vinylpyridine and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively, by a multi-step swelling and polymerization method followed by a surface modification technique. The RAM-MIP for flufenamic acid showed excellent molecular recognition abilities for flufenamic acid and mefenamic acid, and moderate molecular recognition abilities for indomethacin, etodolac and ketoprofen. The simultaneous determination of NSAIDs (mefenamic acid, indomethacin, etodolac and ketoprofen) in river water samples was carried out by LC-MS/MS using the RAM-MIP for flufenamic acid as a pretreatment column. The concentrations of mefenamic acid, indomethacin and etodolac in river water samples were determined to be 0.4, 0.7 and 0.3ng/L, respectively, while ketoprofen was below the limit of quantitation.     

随机对照药物临床试验样本量估计

如何正确估计样本量是随机对照药物临床试验设计阶段的主要研究内容之一。本文在对随机对照临床试验样本量估计的影响因素一一分析的基础上,通过实例介绍临床试验样本量估计的分析过程,并讨论了临床试验样本量估计中的注意事项,为随机对照临床试验正确估计样本量提供参考。