2001-2009年重庆市碘盐监测结果分析

目的 监测2001-2009年重庆市碘盐质量变化,分析其影响因素.方法 在重庆市,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位进行抽样.在碘盐生产、批发环节,前4个方位各抽2个单位,后1个方位抽1个单位,不足9个单位的,则全部抽样,每个单位每月抽1批9份盐样;在居民户环节,以区(县)为单位,前4个方位各抽2个乡(镇),后1个方位抽1个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)抽2个村,每个村抽20份盐样,用氧化还原法检测含碘量.在碘盐生产、批发环节,计算批质量合格率;在居民户环节,计算碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率.用趋势检验、方差分析和X2检验对数据进行统计学分析.结果 2001-2009年,碘盐生产批质量合格率2001年为92.9%(13/14),其余各年均为100.0%;批发批质量合格率为88.7%(282/318)～99.8%(431/432),其中,2001和2002年均明显低于2003-2009年(X2值范围为4.98～45.69,P均<0.05或<0.01),2003年明显低于2004和2006-2009年(X2值范围为5.19～12.13,P均<0.05或<0.01).居民碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率分别为94.2%(11 154/11 841)～98.9%(14 061/14 217)和83.5%(9 887/11 841)～95.8%(13 449/14 039),均呈上升趋势(F值分别为9.27、26.39,P均<0.05),合格碘盐食用率达90%以上的区(县)数量逐年增加.盐碘均数生产环节为29.71～36.25 mg/kg,批发环节为31.26～36.13 mg/kg,均呈逐年下降趋势(F值分别为35.45、140.59,P均<0.01);居民户环节盐碘均数为28.84～30.98 mg/kg,较为稳定(F=3.05,P>0.05).各年从生产、批发至居民户盐碘均显著下降(F值范围为38.46～671.23,P均<0.01).结论 重庆市碘盐质量和居民碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率不断提高.碘盐生产企业未严格按照标准加碘和加碘均匀度差是影响盐碘的因素.

Abstract：

Objective To monitor the quality changes of iodized salt and analyze its impact factor in Chongqing between 2001 and 2009. Methods Salt samples were collected according to the east, west, south,north and center locations in iodized salt production, wholesale and household sectors. Two units in iodized salt production and wholesale segment were sampled from north, south, east and west places and only 1 unit was sampled from the central place. Nine samples were collected every month in each place. If the place had less than 9 units, and then taken all the units. About resident household, 2 townships were sampled from north, south, east and west places, and 1 township was sampled from the central place, then 20 samples were collected from each township. Iodine content was detected by oxidation-reduction assay. The index of mean iodine, qualified rate from factories and wholesale, coverage rate and taking rate of qualified iodized salt in residents were calculated.Significance was analyzed by trend test, analysis of variance and X2 test. Results The qualified rate of iodized salt from the manufacturers was 92.9%(13/14) in 2001 and the rate was 100.0% each year from 2002 to 2009. The qualified rates of iodized salt from the wholesale were 88.7%(282/318) - 99.8%(431/432). The rates of 2001 and 2002 were lower than that of other years(X2 = 4.98 - 45.69, all P< 0.05 or < 0.01). The coverage rate and taking rate of qualified iodized salt in residents were 94.2% (11 154/11 841 ) - 98.9% ( 14 061/14 217), 83.5% (9 887/11 841 ) -95.8% (13 449/14 039), respectively. The rates showed an increasing tendency (F = 9.27, 26.39, all P < 0.05).The districts(counties) with qualified iodized salt consumption rate > 90% kept increasing. The mean iodine from the manufacturers and wholesale were 29.71 - 36.25, and 31.26 - 36.13 mg/kg, respectively. The iodine level showed a descending trend(F = 35.45, 140.59, all P < 0.01 ). The mean iodine level from the inhabitants were 28.84 - 30.98 mg/kg which remained stable (F = 3.05, P > 0.05 ). The iodine level from manufacturers, wholesale to inhabitants showed an descending trend(F = 38.46 - 671.23, all P < 0.01 ). Conclusions The surveillance results of iodized salt shows an increasing tendency in quality of iodized salt, eoverage rate and taking rate of qualified iodized salt. Factors that affect the quality of iodized salt is that the enterprise does not add iodine to salt strictly by the standard.     

2001-2009年甘肃省碘盐监测结果及非碘盐问题地区分布特征分析

目的 分析2001-2009年甘肃省碘盐监测结果及非碘盐问题地区分布特征,为制订碘缺乏病防治对策提供依据.方法 按照国家碘盐监测方案,甘肃省对生产批发(2001-2007年)和居民户(2001-2009年)两个层次进行监测.盐碘测定采用直接滴定法(GB/T 13025.7-1999),川盐或特殊盐采用仲裁法测定.合格碘盐判定标准为(35±15)mg/kg(20～50 mg/kg),非碘盐判定标准为＜5 mg/kg.结果 2001-2007年共监测生产批发层次盐样4900批,批质量合格率为97.80%(4792/4900).2001-2009年居民户非碘盐率均＜5%,碘盐覆盖率均＞90%,合格碘盐食用率2003年以后均＞90%.2001-2009年共监测出非碘盐问题市(州)23年次,其中临夏州、武威市分别占39.1%(9/23)和21.7%(5/23);共监测出非碘盐问题县(区)123年次,其中少数民族和国家级贫困县有68年次,占55.3%(68/123).2001-2005年、2006-2009年少数民族和国家级贫困县分别占非碘盐问题县的49.4%(44/89)和70.6%(24/34).结论 甘肃省生产批发层次碘盐质量状况良好,居民户合格碘盐食用率达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准.但少数民族地区和贫困地区的非碘盐问题突出,在今后一段时期内将成为甘肃省碘缺乏病防治的重点地区.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze monitoring results of iodized salt and distribution characteristics of problem areas with non-iodized salt in Gansu province during 2001 - 2009 and to provide a basis to develop countermeasures to iodine deficiency disorders. Methods According to the criterion of "The National Scheme of Iodized Salt Surveillance", two levels of monitoring were carried out on production and wholesale-level(during 2001 -2007) and household-level(during 2001 - 2009). Salt iodine was determined by direct titration method (GB/T13025.7-1999), and Sichuan salt or special salt was determined with an arbitration method. Criteria for qualified iodized salt was (35 ± 15)mg/kg(20 - 50 mg/kg), and for non-iodized salt was ＜ 5 mg/kg. Results During 2001 - 2007, a total of 4900 salt samples at production and wholesale-levels were examined, with a qualification rate of 97.80% (4792/4900). Non-iodized salt rates were all below 5% in Gansu province, consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was higher than 90% after 2003. During 2001 - 2009, cities(states) with non-iodized salt problems appeared 23 times, with Linxia accounting for 39.1%(9/23), Wuwei accounting for 21.7%(5/23). During 2001 -2009, counties(districts) with non-iodized salt problem appeared 123 times, including 68 times of ethnic minorities and state poverty counties, accounting for 55.3%(68/123). During 2001 - 2005 and 2006 - 2009, ethnic minorities and state poverty counties were accounting for 49.4%(44/89) and 70.6%(24/34) in counties with non-iodized salt problem. Conclusions The quality of iodized-salt at production and wholesale level is satisfactory in Gansu province, household consumption rate of qualified iodized salt have reached national standard for eliminating iodine deficiency disorders. But ethnic minorities and state poverty counties are main regions with non-iodized salt problem,these areas will be the key areas of prevention of iodine deficiency disorders in Gansu province in the future.     

2006-2010年江西省新建县居民户碘盐监测结果分析

目的 分析江西省新建县居民碘盐食用情况,为消除碘缺乏病(IDD)防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年,在江西省新建县,每年按东、西、南、北、中抽取9个乡(镇、街道),每个乡(镇、街道)抽取4个行政村(居委会),每个行政村(居委会)抽取8户居民食用盐,采用直接滴定法检测盐碘.结果 2006-2010年共检测1440份居民户食盐,合格碘盐1379份,不合格碘盐34份,非碘盐27份,碘盐覆盖率为98.13%(1413/1440),碘盐合格率为97.59%(1379/1413),合格碘盐食用率为95.76%(1379/1440),非碘盐率为1.88%(27/1440).结论 新建县各乡镇居民户合格碘盐达到国家消除IDD的控制标准,但有少数乡镇碘盐质量还有待提高.在今后工作中还应利用多种形式加大宣传IDD防治知识,对广大群众进行健康教育,增强自我防护意识,使他们能自觉抵制私盐,拒绝购买非碘盐.

Abstract：

Objective To find out households consumption of iodized salt in Xinjian county, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD). Methods From 2006 - 2010 in Jiangxi province, according to the direction of east, west, south, and north, nine townships(streets) were selected,in each township (street), 4 administrative villages (committees) were selected, in each administrative village(committee) 8 households were selected to collect their edible salt each year, direct titration method was adopted to detect salt iodine. Results From 2006 - 2010 a total of 1440 salt samples were collected, of which 1379 were qualified iodized salt, 34 unqualified, 27 non-iodized salt; iodized salt coverage rate, qualified iodized salt and iodized salt consumption rates were 98.13% (1413/1440), 97.59% (1379/1413) and 95.76% (1379/1440),respectively, and the rate of non-iodized salt was 1.88% (27/1440). Conclusions The intake rate of qualified iodized salt in Xinjian county have reached the standards of eliminating IDD. The quality of iodized salt should be improved in few counties. In the future, we should also increase the use of various forms advocacy of IDD prevention and treatment, and educate the masses to enhance self-protection awareness, so that they can consciously resist the salt smuggling, and refuse to buy non-iodized salt.     

2010年江苏省城市社区碘缺乏病防治知识电话调查结果分析

目的 调查江苏省城市社区居民自主选择碘盐或不加碘食盐的行为意愿及对碘缺乏病防治知识的认知情况,为决策调整提供依据.方法 2010年,采用电脑随机抽取固定电话号码的方式,在省会(南京)和沿海(南通)两个城市主城区(每个主城区选择2个街道)居民户开展碘缺乏病防治知识电话问卷调查.调查内容包括:在碘盐和不加碘食盐同时供应的情况下,居民选择哪种盐及原因;居民是否知道碘缺乏病的危害及其防治措施;居民的个人信息(仅包括职业类别和年龄段).抽取10％的有效问卷,对关键字段进行复核调查.结果 在南京市和南通市共拨打2021个固定电话号码,获得455份有效问卷.对10.1％ (46/455)的问卷进行复核,总符合率为87.0％(40/46).两市共有73.2％(333/455)的应答者在碘盐和不加碘食盐同时供应的假设下选择购买碘盐;有69.0％(314/455)的应答者听说过碘缺乏病,其中79.6％ (250/314)的应答者知道碘缺乏的危害是地方性甲状腺肿,10.8％(34/314)的应答者知道碘缺乏会导致不同程度的智力损伤;对碘缺乏病的预防方法,有69.4％(218/314)的应答者知道吃碘盐,有41.1％(129/314)的应答者知道吃紫菜、海带可以防治碘缺乏.结论 江苏省城市社区碘缺乏病防治健康教育、健康促进成效显著,但仍然存在部分群众防治意识模糊的现象.在现行盐业管理体制下,尚不宜过早放开碘盐和不加碘食盐市场并轨供应.     

2004—2009年济源市居民户碘盐监测分析

目的掌握济源市实施碘盐监测工作后,从碘盐质量状况分析碘缺乏病的防治进展,为今后济源市持续实现消除碘缺乏病提供理论基础。方法2004—2006年按照《河南省碘盐监测方案》,2007—2009年按照《河南省碘缺乏病监测方案》要求,采用GB/T13025.7-1999中直接滴定法进行检测。结果2004—2009年共抽检盐样1728份,合格碘盐1604份,不合格碘盐111份,非碘盐13份,碘盐覆盖率为99.25%,碘盐合格率为93.53%,合格碘盐食用率为92.82%,非碘盐率为0.75%。结论济源市自1994年实施全民食盐加碘政策,并于2000年实现了消除碘缺乏病的阶段目标。自2004年以来碘盐覆盖率均持续在较高水平,但碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率还有波动,其中有2个年度低于90%,说明济源市碘盐质量还有待提高。     

河北省非高碘地区儿童和孕妇碘营养水平分析

目的:掌握河北省非高碘地区8 ~ 10岁儿童和孕妇碘营养水平,为碘缺乏病防治研究工作提供科学依据和针对性的防治策略。方法:2018年对河北省162个县（市、区,以下简称县）进行碘营养分析,每个监测县按东、西、南、北、中划分5个抽样片区,每个片区抽取1个乡镇/街道,每个乡镇/街道抽取1所小学,每所小学抽取8 ~ 10岁非...     

血液透析患者幽门螺杆菌感染现状调查及危险因素分析

目的:研究维持性血液透析患者幽门螺杆菌(HP)的感染率并分析感染相关危险因素。方法:采用横断面调查研究方法选取2018年8月本院肾内科的190例血液透析患者为研究对象,选取同期本院体检中心健康体检人群18 375例为对照组,分析血液透析患者与健康人群HP感染率的差别。然后根据是否感染HP,将血液透析患者分为HP阴性组(...     

2016 - 2018年山西省孕妇碘营养水平调查

目的:了解山西省孕妇的碘营养水平,为指导孕妇科学补碘提供依据。方法:2016 - 2018年,在山西省分别抽取40、80、118个县,每个县按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡镇,每个乡镇抽取20名孕妇,采集孕妇家中食用盐盐样及随意尿样,分别检测盐碘、尿碘含量。结果:2016 - 2018年分别采集孕妇家中盐样3 ...     

Demonstration of a Direct Stimulatory Effect of Bile Salts on Rat Colonic Epithelial Cell Proliferation

Background: Despite the clear demonstration that an increase in faecal bile salt concentration can augment colonocyte proliferation, it is still controversial whether bile salts act on these cells as direct mitogens or by inducing a damage-related proliferative response. The goal of this study was to define the mechanism mediating the proliferative effect of bile salts on rat colonocytes. Methods: Faecal bile salt concentration was increased by feeding rats on diets enriched with either bile salts or fats. Colonic mucosa proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, histology and apoptosis, and faecal water cytolytic activity were evaluated to assess proliferation and direct or indirect signs of mucosal damage. Results: Compared to standard diet, chenodeoxycholate-, deoxycholate- and fat-enriched diets produced a significant increase in both faecal water total bile salt concentration (46.0 versus 124.1, 145.9 and 498.5 μmol/L, respectively) and percentage of PCNA-positive nuclei (30.5, versus 37.7, 33.9 and 47.1, respectively) that appeared significantly correlated ( r s = 0.8; P < 0.001). Chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate fed animals showed colonic mucosa histology and faecal water cytolytic activity similar to controls, with a significantly reduced apoptotic index. Rats fed on high fat diet, however, showed a mild inflammatory infiltrate associated with an increased apoptosis and faecal water cytolytic activity, all conditions not apparently determined by the increased faecal water total bile salt concentration. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that bile salts act as direct mitogens on colonic epithelial cells.     

2009年重庆市人群碘营养状况调查分析

目的 了解重庆市人群碘营养状况,为科学防治碘缺乏病提供科学依据.方法 2009年,在重庆所有40个区(县)中,每个区(县)抽取9个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)中采集40份居民食用盐,采用直接滴定法检测盐碘;每个区(县)按照东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)抽取20名以上8～10岁儿童,采集尿样,用砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘.结果 重庆市共抽取居民户食盐14 217份,含碘量中位数为29.2 mg/kg;碘盐覆盖率为98.90%(14 061/14 217),合格碘盐食用率为95.59%(13 590/14 217).共调查8～10岁儿童4050份尿样,尿碘中位数为247.20μg/L;<50μg/L者占4.60%(186/4050),50～99μg/L者占7.28%(295/4050),100～199 μg/L者占26.44%(1071/4050),200～299μg/L者占25.58%(1036/4050),300μg/L以上者占36.10%(1462/4050);各年龄组之间尿碘比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=3.77,P>0.05).以区(县)计算,尿碘中位数100～199μg/L有10个区(县),占25.00%;200～299μg/L有23个区(县),占57.50%;300μg/L以上的有7个,占17.50%;不同区(县)之间尿碘比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=441.95,P<0.01).结论 重庆市人群碘营养充足,同时存在碘过量,需降低食盐加碘量.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the nutritional status of iodine among residents in Chongqing, and to facilitate scientific prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. Methods Select 9 towns in each of the 40 districts (counties) in Chongqing, and collect 40 resident edible salt samples in each of the selected town to detect salt iodine by direct titrimetry. Select 5 towns on the site of the east, west, south, north and middle of every district (county), select 20 children aged 8 to 10 in each of the selected town to collect urine samples and detect urinary iodine by As-Ce catalytic spectrophotometric assay. Results The median of iodine of 14 217 salt specimens by household was 292 mg/kg with a coverage rate of qualified iodized salt of 98.90%( 14 061/14 217). The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 95.59%( 13 590/14 217). The median of urinary iodine for 4050 children aged 8 to 10 was 247.20μg/L, of which < 50 μg/L accounted for 4.60%(186/4050), 50-99μg/L accounted for 7.28% (295/4050), 100 - 199 μg/L accounted for 26.44% (1071/4050), 200 - 299 μg/L accounted for 25.58% (1036/4050), 300 μg/L or more, accounted for 36.10% (1462/4050). However, no significant difference was observed between different age groups(x2 = 3.77, P > 0.05). At district (county) level, the median of urinary iodine in 10(25.00%) districts (counties) was 100 - 200 μg/L, that in other 23(57.50%) districts (counties) was 200 - 300 μg/L, and that in other 7(17.50%) districts/counties was greater than 300 μg/L, and statistical significance was observed between different districts/counties (x2 = 441.95, P < 0.01). Conclusions Current iodine nutrition among residents in Chongqing is adequate. While there is excess, need to reduce the amount of salt iodization.