俄罗斯海军放射卫生工作简介

在长期大量的实践活动中，俄罗斯海军已经形成一整套全面系统的辐射卫生学方法和规章制度，根据作者在俄罗斯所闻，简述俄海军放射卫生学的一些工作情况．供领导和同志们研究和工作参考。     

俄罗斯受控生态生保技术研究进展

受控生态生命保障系统（CELSS）是建立月球/火星基地等空间永久基地必须解决的关键技术之一。本文作者通过对俄罗斯有关研究专家的调研和资料分析，详细介绍了俄罗斯在受控生态生命保障系统方面的研究思路和所取得的成果及今后急需研究的问题，在此基础上提出了我国开展此项研究的建议，对于我国开展有关研究具有参考价值。     

Evaluating the impact of a partnership for creating change in substance misuse practice in St. Petersburg, Russia

This paper reports on an evaluation of an innovative education and training programme for nurses and narcologists in St. Petersburg, Russia. The aims of the evaluation were: first, to evaluate the effect of the education and training programme on the clinical practice of doctors and nurses who have had direct contact with the programme and, second, to evaluate the influence of the education and training programme on city-wide drug and alcohol policy and practice. Brief contextual information regarding the programme is provided prior to an account of the qualitative methodology. Particular attention was paid to the work of Patton [Utilisation-focused evaluation, second ed., Sage, London, 1986; Qualitative research and evaluation methods, third ed., Sage, London, 2002] for the theoretical framework and to Hantais and Mangen [Cross-national research methods in the social sciences, Pinter, London, 1996] regarding the methodological issues that surround international and cross-cultural research projects. Data collection was carried out in St. Petersburg and in the United Kingdom, which involved key participants in the programme. The data analysis followed Miles and Huberman [Qualitative data analysis. An expanded sourcebook, second ed. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1994] which yielded six major themes: rehabilitation, the role and continuing professional development of the trained nurse; the status of the nurse training-college and the staff, small scale projects and their significance; sharing experiences/networking/face-to-face meetings; and, lack of resistance. The findings are discussed and recommendations for further involvement are identified.     

Laboratory diagnostics for non-viral sexually transmitted infections in St. Petersburg, Russia: current situation and hallmarks for improvements

Background   The numbers and performance characteristics of laboratories providing sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnostic services, as well as the rates of morbidity due to STIs in St. Petersburg, Russia, remain largely unknown.
Objective   The aim of the present study was to evaluate the range, quality and availability of diagnostic services for several non-viral STIs ( Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and Trichomonas vaginalis ) in St. Petersburg during the period September 2005 to June 2006.
Methods   Survey data focusing on organization and performance characteristics of STI diagnostic services were assessed using questionnaires, telephone interviews and site visits.
Results   A total of 118 laboratories providing STI diagnostic services were identified. Of the surveyed laboratories, 54% (64 of 118) diagnosed syphilis, 81% (96 of 118) gonorrhoea, 80% (94 of 118) trichomoniasis and 49% (58 of 118) chlamydial infections. Although most of the laboratories could provide a presumptive diagnosis for syphilis, most of the N. gonorrhoeae and T. vaginalis testing of women did not adhere to international recommendations. Of the laboratories with the capacity to diagnose C. trachomatis infection, 69% still used serological testing (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect antibodies to C. trachomatis .
Conclusions   Overall, the diagnostic methods used to establish a laboratory diagnosis, the system of case reporting, the training of laboratory personnel and the level of interlaboratory communication clearly require improvement. This study represents the first step in a process of evaluation of the laboratory support for STI services and the establishment of an interlaboratory network in St. Petersburg.     

Activities of daily living among St Petersburg women after mild stroke

The aim of the present study was to determine how women living in St Petersburg, Russia, who have had a mild stroke, describe their performance in activities of daily living (ADL) and to elicit possible causes of their occupational dysfunction. Thirty-six women who had experienced a mild stroke and been referred to a rehabilitation centre participated in the study. Data collection was conducted through interviews, including the 'ADL Staircase' and a modified 'Frenchay Activities Index for Stroke Patients'. Additional data were collected through field notes and information from team members and relatives. The results showed that women who have had a mild stroke and ADL limitations experience occupational dysfunction in ADL that is most often caused by a combination of overprotection from relatives, the women's own feelings of anxiety and insecurity, and an overemphasizing of their disability. The results are limited, based on the small sample and restricted geographic area. There is a need to further investigate how individuals who have had a mild stroke can be physically and socially rehabilitated and reintegrated into the community in countries with developing economies such as Russia.     

Far East Scarlet-Like Fever Caused by a Few Related Genotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis,Russia

We used multivirulence locus sequence typing to analyze 68 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated in Russia during 1973–2014, including 41 isolates from patients with Far East scarlet-like fever. Four genotypes were found responsible, with 1 being especially prevalent. Evolutionary analysis suggests that epidemiologic advantages could cause this genotype’s dominance.     

The Historical Development of Suicide Mortality in Russia, 1870–2007

Russia has one of the highest suicide mortality rates in the world. This study investigates the development of Russian suicide mortality over a longer time period in order to provide a context within which the contemporary high level might be better understood. Annual sex- and age-specific suicide-mortality data for Russia for the period 1870–2007 were studied, where available. Russian suicide mortality increased 11-fold over the period. Trends in male and female suicide developed similarly, although male suicide rates were consistently much higher. From the 1990s suicide has increased in a relative sense among the young (15–34), while the high suicide mortality among middle-aged males has reduced. Changes in Russian suicide mortality over the study period may be attributable to modernization processes.     

The Frustration of Knowledge—Medicine in Russia

Russian physicians face financial restraints which hinder the supply of lifesaving medications. Drugs which are not available include surfactant—a treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in neonates. The author recently visited Tver, Russia, and comments on the maternal-newborn programme in this academic centre.     

美、俄未成年人心理抑郁问题概况及特点

目的 以美国和俄罗斯为例了解未成年人抑郁的流行状况及影响因素.方法 访谈,资料检索和比较研究的方法.结果 美国和俄罗斯未成年人都有较高的抑郁发生率;产生抑郁主要有3种因素,生物学因素、遗传因素和外部因素.结论 抑郁会发生在各个年龄时期,甚至在婴幼儿时期;抑郁症状在生长发育的不同阶段有不同的心理特点,而且很多表现形式很掩藏.     

The burden of headache in Russia: validation of the diagnostic questionnaire in a population‐based sample

Background: We report validation of the Russian‐language version of the Lifting The Burden headache screening and diagnostic questionnaire in a population‐based sample of 501 individuals in four cities (Smolensk, Tchelyabinsk, Nishny Novgorod and Tver) and three rural areas (Tula, Tver and Gornyi) of Russia. Methods: The structured questionnaire, based on ICHD‐II criteria, was applied face to face by trained non‐medical interviewers calling at randomly selected households. Response rates were about 73% in cities and 80% in rural areas. Results: Of those responding, 301 reported headache in the previous year; of the total sample, 143 people with and 47 without headache according to the questionnaire were re‐interviewed by telephone by one of the two neurologists unaware of the questionnaire diagnoses. Migraine (MIG), either definite (dMIG) or probable (pMIG), was diagnosed by the questionnaire in 72 cases, and tension‐type headache (TTH), either definite (dTTH) or probable (pTTH), in 66 cases; the five others with headache were unclassifiable by questionnaire. Physicians diagnosed dMIG or pMIG in 65 cases, dTTH or pTTH in 89 cases and no headache in 31 cases; in five cases, headache was unclassifiable. The questionnaire had sensitivities and specificities of 77% and 82% for MIG (κ = 0.58) and of 64% and 91% for TTH (κ = 0.56). Conclusions: We concluded that the questionnaire can be utilized in a population‐based countrywide survey of the burden attributable to primary headache disorders in Russia.