Cognition in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multichannel event-related potential (P300) study

Auditory event-related potentials (AERP) were elicited in 47 patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) and 24 age-matched controls. MS patients had significantly prolonged N2 and P3 latencies as well as low P3 amplitude compared with controls. Seven of them exceeded 3 standard deviations from the control mean values. The observed N2 and P3 alterations are associated with the patients' disability status as it is defined by the Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (EDSS), but are not related to the duration of the disease. A possible cognitive decline as reflected in the observed AERP components alterations in MS patients is subsequently discussed.     

Immune activation during pregnancy in mice leads to dopaminergic hyperfunction and cognitive impairment in the offspring: a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Maternal viral infection is associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that the maternal immune response to viruses may influence fetal brain development and lead to schizophrenia. METHODS: To mimic a viral infection, the synthetic double strand RNA polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (poly I:C) was administered into pregnant mice. Behavioral evaluations (thigmotaxis, methamphetamine [MAP]-induced hyperactivity, novel-object recognition test [NORT]), sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition [PPI]), and biochemical evaluation of the dopaminergic function of the offspring of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated dams (PBS-mice) and that of poly I:C-treated dams (poly I:C-mice) were examined. RESULTS: In juveniles, no difference was found between the poly I:C-mice and PBS-mice. However, in adults, the poly I:C-mice exhibited attenuated thigmotaxis, greater response in MAP-induced (2 mg/kg) hyperlocomotion, deficits in PPI, and cognitive impairment in NORT compared with the PBS-mice. Cognitive impairment in the adult poly I:C-mice could be improved by subchronic administration of clozapine (5.0 mg/kg) but not haloperidol (.1 mg/kg). Increased dopamine (DA) turnover and decreased receptor binding of D2-like receptors, but not D1-like receptors, in the striatum were found in adult poly I:C-mice. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal poly I:C administration causes maturation-dependent increased subcortical DA function and cognitive impairment in the offspring, indicating a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia.     

重庆市城市居民原发性高血压的病例对照研究

本研究采用１：４配比的方法，收集了３７０例确诊高血压病例与１４８０例对照，进行了病例对照研究。经条件ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析发现与高血压有关的危险因素有以下五个：体重指数、吸烟年限、脉率、卫生知识水平和家族史。     

急性脑卒中患者应激性高血糖危险因素分析

目的 探讨重症监护室（ICU）急性脑卒中患者应激性高血糖的危险因素。方法对50例急性（发病5d内1非糖尿病脑卒中患者监测血糖7-14d，比较高血糖及正常血糖两组患者年龄、糖皮质激素、临床肺部感染评分等对血糖的影响。结果高血糖组临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）为4．77±2．11，显著高于正常血糖组的3．36±2．36（P〈0．05），急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ）高血糖组为16．23＋5．40，也显著高于正常血糖组的12．43±3．83，有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论CHS和APACHEⅡ升高可能是ICU非糖尿病卒中后应激性高血糖的危险因素。     

经皮胆囊碎石术后结石复发439例随访分析

目的探讨经皮胆囊碎石术(PCCL)后长期临床预后和结石复发情况,了解与结石复发的相关因素。方法对439例PCCL患者随访10年,评估结石复发率和临床预后。结果439例患者中182例结石复发,总复发率41.46%,术后1~10年结石累计复发率分别为9·57%、18·91%、27·33%、34·14%、37·59%、39·86%、41·90%、42·73%、42·85%和43·21%。182例结石复发患者中,94例无症状,80例表现有非特异性上消化道不适症状,8例有上腹痛或胆绞痛,其中38例行胆囊切除术治疗。与结石复发相关的因素包括胆囊结石家族史、喜好油腻食品、伴发肝病、PCCL术前复发胆囊结石和胆囊功能不全。结论PCCL术后结石复发不可避免,术后前6年结石复发率逐年增加明显,随后增长缓慢,术后10年约50%的患者无结石复发。一些危险因素与结石复发有关。PCCL可作为高龄和高危胆囊结石患者有价值的治疗选择,治疗其他胆囊结石患者尚需慎重选择。     

急性缺血性卒中患者发生院内消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性卒中患者（acute ischemic stroke，AIS）住院期间消化道出血（gastrointestinal
bleeding，GIB）的发生率、发生时间及危险因素。
方法 本研究纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院急性卒中院内并发症队列（inhospital medical
complication after acute stroke，iMCAS）研究中AIS患者。收集患者临床信息，根据住院期间是否发生
GIB分为GIB组和无GIB组，采用多因素Logistic回归模型，分析AIS患者发生GIB相关危险因素。
结果 共纳入1129例AIS患者，平均年龄58.7±12.5岁，女性230例（20.4%）。47例住院期间发生GIB，
发生率为4.2%，卒中发作至GIB确诊时间为5（3～13）d。合并肝硬化（OR 10.06，95%CI 2.44～41.38）、
高入院NIHSS评分（OR 1.13，95%CI 1.08～1.19）、高白细胞计数（OR 1.25，95%CI 1.13～1.38）、住院时
间长（OR 1.05，95%CI 1.01～1.10）是AIS患者发生消化道出血的独立危险因素。
结论 本单中心研究数据提示合并肝硬化、高入院NI HSS评分、高白细胞计数、住院时间长是AI S患
者住院期间发生GIB的独立危险因素。     

卒中高危人群糖化血红蛋白与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系研究

目的 分析卒中高危人群糖化血红蛋白与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系。
方法 2018年5-6月由孝感市中心医院按整群随机抽样方法，随机抽取孝感市城乡各1个社区居民
进行筛查，通过问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检查、颈部血管超声检查筛选卒中高危人群纳入研究。
根据颈动脉超声检测结果将卒中高危人群分为非斑块组和斑块组（颈动脉）。分别采用单因素和多
因素Logistic回归，分析糖化血红蛋白与颈动脉斑块的关系，并根据年龄（60岁）、BM（I 24 kg/m2）、是
否有高血压对研究人群进行分层分析，研究不同特征的卒中高危人群中糖化血红蛋白与颈动脉斑块
的关系。
结果 最终纳入卒中高危人群629例，男性338例（53.74%），平均54.85±8.97岁，糖化血红蛋白平
均浓度为4.70%±1.02%。其中斑块组患者215例（34.18%），非斑块组患者414例（65.82%）。与非斑
块组患者相比，斑块组患者男性、卒中、TIA、高血压、超重患者比例更高，年龄更大，BMI、血压、空
腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、TC水平更高（均P＜0.01）。校正其他危险因素后，糖化血红蛋白是颈动脉
粥样硬化斑块发生的独立影响因素（每升高1%，OR 1.16，95%CI 1.01～1.31，P =0.018）。分层分析显
示，年龄≥60岁（OR 1.48，95%CI 1.09～2.01，P =0.016）、BMI≥24 kg/m2（OR 1.97，95%CI 1.07～3.64，
P =0.030）、高血压人群（OR 1.31，95%CI 1.06～1.62，P =0.013）中糖化血红蛋白均是颈动脉斑块发生
的独立危险因素。
结论 卒中高危人群糖化血红蛋白与颈动脉斑块的发生密切相关，特别是在年龄≥6 0岁、
BMI≥24 kg/m2和高血压人群中。     

Maturation of executive function in autism.

BACKGROUND: Executive dysfunction has been reported at different ages in autism. It is not clear however, when this impairment emerges or how its expression is affected by development. METHODS: 61 non-mentally retarded autism participants (AUT) and 61 age, gender, and IQ matched typically developing participants (CON) were assessed with two oculomotor executive function tasks, the oculomotor delayed response task (ODR) and the antisaccade task (AS), as well as a visually-guided saccade sensorimotor task (VGS). RESULTS: The AUT group demonstrated impairments in response inhibition and spatial working memory at all ages tested. Developmental improvements in speed of sensorimotor processing and voluntary response inhibition were similar in both groups indicating sparing of some attentional control of behavior. Developmental progression in the speed of initiating a cognitive plan and maintaining information on line over time, however, was impaired in the AUT group indicating abnormal development of working memory. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that while executive dysfunction is present throughout development, there is evidence for both typical and atypical developmental progression of executive functions in autism. The plasticity suggested by the developmental improvements may have implications regarding appropriate developmental epochs and types of interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive capacities in individuals with autism.     

静止性脑梗死风险预测量表的构建和验证

【摘要】
目的 调查与静止性脑梗死（silent brain infarction，SBI）相关的独立影响因素，构建SBI风险预测量
表并验证。
方法 在单中心横断面研究中，前瞻性连续纳入无神经系统疾病既往史的体检者，收集其人口学
信息，高血压、糖尿病等血管危险因素，血脂、糖化血红蛋白、血浆同型半胱氨酸等化验结果录入数
据库。采用标准影像学操作规范进行头颅MRI扫描，并由影像学医师盲法判读，将受试者分为SBI组
和无SBI组。将所有受试者按照3∶1比例随机分为训练集和验证集，在训练集中采用单因素和多因素
Logistic回归分析SBI的独立影响因素，构建SBI预测量表。在训练集和验证集中应用ROC曲线检验量表
的区分度，应用Hosmer-Lemeshow分析检验量表的校准度。
结果 共有633例研究对象纳入研究，平均年龄52.0±10.5岁，女性272例（43.0%）。训练集（475
例）和验证集（158例）两个样本集合的基线特征均衡。校正混杂因素后多因素分析显示，年龄≥45
岁（OR 8.37，95%CI 1.12～62.80，P =0.039），高血压（OR 2.30，95%CI 1.08～4.90，P =0.032），同型半
胱氨酸（Q2～Q3：OR 6.89，95%CI 0.89～53.10，P =0.064；Q4：OR 13.6，95%CI 1.74～105.87，P =0.013）
与SBI风险独立相关。根据OR 值构建SBI危险评分（SBI risk score，SBI-RS）量表，量表赋值为：年龄
≥45岁赋值8分；有高血压赋值2分；同型半胱氨酸根据四分位分层分别赋值为0分、7分和14分。SBIRS
在训练集和验证集中ROC曲线显示曲线下面积分别为0.77（95%CI 0.69～0.84，P＜0.001）和0.76
（95%CI 0.63～0.88，P＜0.001），区分度良好。Hosmer-Lemeshow相关分析提示SBI-RS具有较好的校准度
（P＞0.05）。
结论 在健康体检人群中，SBI -RS具有较好的区分度和校准度，可以帮助识别SBI高危人群。