护理风险管理在心血管住院病人跌倒中的应用

目的:探讨护理风险管理在预防心血管住院病人跌倒中的效果。方法:选择我院2008年2月~2010年3月心内科住院病人5794例为对照组,给予常规护理预防跌倒;选择2010年5月~2011年8月住院病人4508例为试验组,建立风险管理流程,进行有针对性的跌倒风险管理,包括跌倒风险识别、风险分析与风险评价、策略实施和效果评价。比较两组病人跌倒发生率。结果:对照组发生跌倒18例,跌倒发生率为0.31%;试验组发生跌倒4例,跌倒发生率0.11%,两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:预防跌倒风险管理流程可有效降低住院病人的跌倒风险。     

Bladder cancer risk: Use of the PLCO and NLST to identify a suitable screening cohort

PurposeBladder cancer (BC) screening is not accepted in part owing to low overall incidence. We used the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) and National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) to identify optimal high-risk populations most likely to benefit from screening.Materials and methodsData were extracted from PLCO and NLST to stratify risk of BC by overall population, sex, race, age at inclusion, and smoking status. Incidence rates between groups were compared using chi-square test.ResultsBC was identified in 1,430/154,898 patients in PLCO and 439/53,173 patients in NLST. BCs were grade III/IV in 36.8% and 41.3%. Incidence rates were significantly higher in men than in women (PLCO: 1.4 vs. 0.31/1,000 person-years and NLST: 1.84 vs. 0.6/1,000 person-years, both P<0.0001). In proportional hazards models, male sex, higher age, and duration and intensity of smoking were associated with higher risk of BC (all P<0.0001). In men older than 70 years with smoking exposure of 30 pack-years (PY) and more, incidence rates were as high as 11.92 (PLCO) and 5.23 (NLST) (per 1,000 person-years). In current high-intensity smokers (≥50 PY), the sex disparity in incidence persists in both trials (0.78 vs. 2.99 per 1,000 person-years in PLCO and 1.12 vs. 2.65 per 1,000 person-years in NLST).ConclusionsMen older than 60 years with a smoking history of>30 PY had incidence rates of more than 2/1,000 person-years, which could serve as an excellent population for screening trials. Sex differences in the incidence of BC cannot be readily explained by the differences in exposure to tobacco, as sex disparity persisted regardless of smoking intensity.     

极外侧型腰椎椎间盘突出致病相关因素分析及防治

目的探讨作为特殊类型的极外侧型腰椎椎间盘突出症(far lateral lumbar disc herniation,FLLDH)的临床表现独特性及其病因、发病危险因素及致病机理,进一步总结提高对该疾病的认识。方法回顾分析本院近10年PLLDH病例资料58例,通过归纳分析该病的症状特点及原因,评价手术后患者恢复情况及手术效果,总结致病相关因素及防治策略。结果 FLLDH主要见于重体力劳动者,具有根性症状重、直腿抬高试验阳性率低、病史短等特点,多数患者非手术治疗无效需手术治疗。结论 FLLDH做为一种特殊类型椎间盘突出症,可以通过各种方法进行早期预防,MRI技术有助提高确诊率,经侧后路植骨融合患者手术后腰椎失稳、腰部疼痛的情况明显少于单纯髓核摘除减压,2种手术均是快速缓解下肢根性症状、提高生活质量的良好选择。     

脊柱转移瘤患者术后生存期影响因素的多元分析

目的 探讨脊柱转移瘤患者术后生存期的影响因素,为临床手术决策提供参考。方法 回顾分析2000年1月~2013年1月在本院接受手术治疗且有完整随访资料的98例脊柱转移瘤患者的临床资料,应用Cox比例风险模型分析脊柱转移瘤患者术后生存期的影响因素。结果 本组患者术后中位生存期为6.0个月[95%可信区间(credibility interval,CI):4.9~7.1个月]。甲状腺癌术后生存期最长,为43.0个月(95% CI:0~92.2个月);结直肠癌最短,为5.0个月(95% CI:1.6~8.4个月)。Cox比例风险模型分析显示,术前Tomita评分≤5分[比值比(odd ratio,OR)=1.439; 95% CI:1.003~2.065; P<0.05]、术后运动功能良好(Frankel分级D、E级; OR=5.397; 95% CI:3.560~8.181; P<0.01)是患者术后生存期独立预测因素;根据术前Tomita评分和术后运动功能状态绘制生存曲线,结果显示术前Tomita评分≤5分或术后运动功能良好的患者生存期显著延长,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 脊柱转移瘤患者制定手术方案时应综合考虑术前Tomita评分和Frankel分级,术前Tomita评分≤5分者或术后Frankel分级D、E级者手术治疗能够获得较好预后;而且术后运动功能较术前身体状态预测效果更好。     

股骨粗隆间骨折PFNA内固定失效的危险因素分析

目的分析导致股骨粗隆间骨折PFNA内固定失效的危险因素。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2013-10诊治并获得完整随访的股骨粗隆间骨折157例,按照内固定失效与否分为A(内固定失效组)、B(内固定成功组)2组。观察指标:外侧壁厚度、外侧壁分型、尖顶距(TAD)、螺旋刀片头所在区域、正侧位X线片上远近端皮质对位差。结果 157例获得平均14.6(12~18)个月随访,24例(15.3%)出现内固定失效。11例髋内翻,2例退钉,2例内固定切割,18例复位丢失,4例股骨颈短缩。A组外侧壁厚度小于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组TAD30 mm者比例明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.386,P=0.003)。2组螺旋刀片头所在区域及正侧位X线片上远近端皮质对位差比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组Ⅱ、Ⅲ型外侧壁骨折占87.5%,而B组仅为36.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=32.305,P=0.001)。结论PFNA内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折时,股骨近端外侧壁的厚度过小,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型不稳定外侧壁骨折,以及TAD30 mm可能是发生内固定失效的危险因素。     

胆道结石并发肝内胆管癌风险的Meta分析

目的 明确肝外胆管结石及胆囊结石并发肝内胆管癌(Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)风险,为胆道结石的临床治疗提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、EmBase以及CBM等数据库,查找胆道结石以及胆囊结石并发ICC风险的队列研究或者病例对照研究.应用STATA软件对所获得研究数据行Meta分析,根据研究间异质性选择固定效应模型或者随机效应模型.采用Egger检验评估发表偏倚.结果 共有6篇病例对照研究纳入分析,包括123 713例患者,其中ICC 4 753例,无瘤对照118 960例.Meta分析结果显示,胆管结石为ICC发病的高危因素(OR:17.64,95％ CI:11.14 ～27.95),除外肝内胆管结石,肝外胆管结石导致的ICC发病风险仍较高(OR:11.79,95％ CI:4.17～ 33.35).此外,胆囊结石也是ICC发病危险因素(OR:2.07,95％ CI:1.17 ～3.67).结论 肝外胆管结石与胆囊结石均为ICC发病的重要危险因素.     

影响膝关节表面置换术后感染的相关因素分析

目的探究影响膝关节表面置换术后感染的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年7月于我院行膝关节表面置换术的患者320例,根据患者膝关节表面置换术后是否感染分为感染组(n=13)和非感染组(n=307),运用统计学方法比较两组患者的一般资料、并发症、手术情况等。结果通过单因素分析,发现美国麻醉师协会(America Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级高、合并糖尿病、合并类风湿性关节炎、手术时间长、手术出血量多、有激素治疗史对术后感染的影响有统计学意义(P<0.05);通过多因素分析,发现合并糖尿病[比值比(OR)=4.384,95%可信区间(CI):1.668~9.522]、合并类风湿性关节炎(OR=6.203,95%CI:2.256~13.054)、手术时间(OR=2.396,95%CI:1.336~4.298)、手术出血量(OR=1.756,95%CI:1.177~2.619)、有激素治疗史(OR=4.536,95%CI:2.399~8.576)是膝关节表面置换术患者术后感染的危险因素。结论术前掌握患者的合并症和既往病史、激素治疗史,术中选择合适的手术方式,减少手术时间和出血量,术后加强监测患者病情,有利于降低患者术后的感染率。     

Perioperative corticosteroids administration as a risk factor for pressure ulcers in cardiovascular surgical patients: a retrospective study

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perioperative corticosteroids administration and the incidence of pressure ulcers (PUs) in cardiovascular surgical patients. A retrospective analysis was performed on data from consecutive patients who had cardiac surgery in 2012. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between perioperative corticosteroid administration and the incidence of surgery‐related PU (SRPU). A total of 286 cardiac surgery patients were included in this study; of these, 47 patients developed 57 SRPUs, an incidence of 16·4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12·3–21·2%). The SRPU incidence was significantly higher in corticosteroid‐administered group compared with groups not receiving corticosteroids (43·8% versus 14·8%, Pearson's χ² = 9·209, P = 0·002). The crude odds ratio (OR) was 4·472 (95% CI: 1·576–12·694). After performing multivariate logistic regression analysis, the adjusted OR was 2·808 (95% CI: 1·062–11·769). This result showed that perioperative corticosteroid administration was an independent risk factor for PUs in cardiovascular surgical patients. Therefore, it is recommended that in order to prevent PU perioperative corticosteroids should be administered with caution to cardiovascular surgical patients.     

Risk factors for complications and readmission after operative fixation of pediatric femur fractures

Purpose

Operative fixation of pediatric femur fractures with intramedullary implants has grown in popularity in recent decades. However, risk factors for short-term adverse events and readmission have not been well studied.

Methods

Pediatric patients who underwent intramedullary nailing of a femur fracture between 2012 and 2013 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Risk factors for any adverse event (AAE) and readmission after intramedullary nailing were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

A total of 522 pediatric patients who underwent intramedullary nailing of the femur during the study period were identified. The mean age of this patient cohort was 10.2 ± 3.8 years. Review of the cases revealed that 18 (3.4 %) patients had AAE and that 20 (3.8 %) patients were readmitted, of whom 13 (2.5 %) underwent a reoperation. Independent risk factors for AAE were a cardiac comorbidity [odds ratio (OR) 12.7, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.5, 103.7], open fracture (OR 10.2, 95 % CI 1.4, 74.4), and prolonged operative time (OR 17.5, 95 % CI 6.1, 50.5). Independent risk factors for readmission were a central nervous system disorder (OR 4.5, 95 % CI 1.3, 16.2) and a seizure disorder (OR 4.9, 95 % CI 1.0, 23.5).

Conclusions

The results of the multivariate analysis suggest that cardiac comorbidities, open fractures, and prolonged operative time increase the risk for AAE and that central nervous system disorders and seizure disorders may increase the risk for readmission. Surgeons should be aware of these risk factors and counsel the families of pediatric patients who undergo intramedullary nailing of femur fractures.