p^53基因与Rb基因在卵巢癌组织中突变的初步分析

为了解卵巢癌组织中抗癌基因Ｐ＾５３与Ｒｂ基因的突变情况，我们把ＰＣＲ单链构象多态（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）银染技术及ＰＣＲ－ＤＮＡ直接测序方法应用于５７例卵巢癌组织细胞的检测，结果发现ｐ＾５３基因可能的突变率为３２％，Ｒｂ基因可能的突变率为２１％，不同分化程度肿瘤的Ｐ５３及Ｒｂ基因突变率未见明显区别，结论：ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ角染技术是筛查基因突变简便，敏感，无核素污染的最佳方法，而ＰＣＲ－ＤＮＡ直接测序仪     

Fibre-type specific expression of fast and slow essential myosin light chain mRNAs in trained human skeletal muscles

The fibre-type specific expression patterns of fast and slow isoforms of essential (alkali) myosin light chains (ELC) was analysed in trained, untrained and pathological human muscles. Biopsies from m. vastus lateralis of moderately trained and untrained persons, as well as highly trained endurance and strength athletes were analysed, by in situ hybridization, for the expression of the `fast' ELC 1f/3f and the `slow' ELC 1sb. We wanted to investigate if changes in the fibre-type specific ELC mRNA pattern could be used as markers for training adaptation, especially, if the mRNA of the slow ELC 1sb isoform would appear in type IIA fibres as a result of endurance training (Baumann et al. 1987). We found the fast/slow ELC expression patterns in the fibre types to be remarkably stable. Physiological stress, even high training loads, did not affect it. No IIA fibres expressing ELC 1sb mRNA were found. They could be detected, however, in pathological muscle samples, where fast/slow ELC patterns not found in normal muscles were frequent. Our data suggest that in healthy muscles, only a subset of the theoretically possible combinations of myosin heavy and light chain isoforms are expressed at the level of their mRNAs.     

面口部炎性刺激条件下PPTA mRNA在大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核神经元中的表达变化及与FOS的共存

将鹿角菜胶注射到大鼠口周皮下作成炎性刺激模型，用原位杂交法结合免疫组化法观察了三叉神经尾侧亚核中PPTAmRNA的表达变化及其与FOS蛋白表达的关系。结果发现：鹿角菜胶注射后，注射侧三叉神经尾侧亚核浅层内PPTAmRNA阳性神经元的数量与对照例相比明显增多。鹿角菜胶产生的炎性刺激也诱导了FOS蛋白在三叉神经尾侧亚核中的表达，FOS蛋白阳性神经元主要位于刺激侧三叉神经尾侧亚核浅层，而对照侧仅有少量分布。在三叉神经尾侧亚核浅层约60％的PPTAmRNA阳性神经元同时表达了FOS蛋白，而双重反应阳性的神经元仅占FOS阳性神经元的30％。上述结果提示：在面口部伤害性刺激诱导的三叉神经尾侧亚核内PPTAmRNA增强表达的过程中，FOS蛋白可能起着重要的调节作用。     

RB患者及家庭成员Rb基因突变和患病风险的基因诊断及遗传咨询

目的建立Ｒｂ基因突变的基因诊断方法，正确估计视网膜母细胞瘤（ＲＢ）患者的预后及其家庭成员的患病风险。方法综合利用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ杂交、ＳＳＣＰ分析、直接ＤＮＡ序列测定等多种分子生物学技术作染色体单体型分析及Ｒｂ基因点突变的直接检测。结果７９个有Ｒｂ基因突变的ＲＢ家系中２５例先证者仅查出体细胞起源的Ｒｂ基因突变，其余５４例存在生殖细胞起源的Ｒｂ基因突变，其中３６例突变是新产生的，１５例突变由亲代遗传而来，此外，尚有３例Ｒｂ基因突变嵌合体。结论直接检测Ｒｂ基因点突变可不依赖于患者家庭成员ＲＢ发病情况的遗传背景资料诊断患者是否属于遗传型，正确估计患者的预后；并能在肿瘤发生前甚至产前检出Ｒｂ基因突变携带者，正确估计患病风险     

Oxidative stress and overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in patients with Alzheimer''s disease

Substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that oxygen free radicals are involved in various neurodegenerative disorders. To assess the presence of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD) we examined the activity of the enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in red blood cells, the levels of the mitochondrial inducible enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA in lymphocytes, and the total radical-trapping antioxidant capacity (TRAP) in plasma of AD patients and in a group of age-matched non-demented controls. We found that CuZnSOD activity (P<0.01 vs. controls) was significantly increased as well as the MnSOD mRNA levels while the total antioxidant status (P<0.001 vs. controls) was decreased in AD patients. These findings support the role of oxidative alterations in the pathogenetic mechanism underlying AD neurodegeneration.     

β-Adrenergic and muscarinic receptor mRNA accumulation in the sinoatrial node area of adult and senescent rat hearts

The sinoatrial (SA) node is the cardiac pacemaker and changes in its adrenergic-muscarinic phenotype have been postulated as a determinant of age-associated modifications in heart rate variability. To address this question, right atria were microdissected, the SA node area was identified by acetylcholinesterase staining, and, using a RT-PCR method, the accumulation of mRNA molecules encoding β₁- and β₂-adrenergic (β₁- and β₂-AR) and muscarinic (M₂-R) receptor was quantified to define the proportion between β-AR and M₂-R mRNAs within the sinoatrial area of adult (3 months) and senescent (24 months) individual rat hearts. In adult hearts, the highest M₂-R/β-AR mRNA ratio was observed within the sinoatrial area compared with adjacent atrial myocardium, while in the senescent hearts, no difference was observed between sinoatrial and adjacent areas. This change was specific of the sinoatrial area since adult and senescent whole atrial or ventricular myocardium did not differ in their M₂-R/β-AR mRNA ratio, and was associated with a fragmentation of acetylcholinesterase staining of the senescent SA node. Quantitative changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in heart rate regulation specifically affect the sinoatrial area of the senescent heart.     

Evidence for interference of vitamin D with PTH/PTHrP receptor expression in opossum kidney cells

 Vitamin D counters the phosphaturic action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in rats in vivo. The present study was undertaken to examine this interaction using monolayers of Opossum kidney (OK) cells. ³²P uptake, cAMP generation, PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA expression and intracellular Ca²⁺ [Ca²⁺]_i were measured in (1) control cells, (2) cells exposed to PTH, (3) cells pretreated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃], and (4) 1,25(OH)₂D₃-pretreated cells exposed to PTH. ³²P uptakes were in (1) 5.00±0.20 (mean ±SE), in (2) 2.30±0.14 (P<0.001 versus group 1), in (3) 4.80±0.24 (P NS versus group 1) and in (4) 3.70±0.20 (P<0.001 versus group 2) nmol P_i/(mg·prot 10 mm). cAMP levels were in (1) 10±3, in (2) 210±8, in (3) 12±4, and in (4) 122±12 pmol cAMP/mg protein (P<0.001 versus group 2). PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA expression was in relative units: (1) 100±0, (2) 99.5±6.2, (3) 68.7±2.6 (P<0.001 versus group 1), and (4) 34.8±3.3 (P<0.001 versus group 1). In groups 2 and 4 PTH induced equal transient increments in [Ca²⁺]_i. These experiments demonstrate that the effect of vitamin D on phosphate transport is associated with a commensurate diminution in PTH/PTHrP receptor gene expression and PTH-induced cAMP formation but not with Ca²⁺ transients. Vitamin D per se does not affect ³²P uptake or cAMP generation while it slightly decreased PTH/PTHrP receptor gene expression. These observations demonstrate that: (1) 1.25(OH)₂D₃ directly antagonizes the effects of PTH on ³²P uptake in OK cells, (2) this effect is mediated via inhibition of PTH-induced activation of AC/cAMP system, (3) the diminution in PTH-induced cAMP formation may stem at least in part from a decrease in the expression of PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA. Received: 2 December 1997 / Received after revision: 19 January 1998 / Accepted: 28 January 1998     

Cellular site of active K absorption in the guinea-pig distal colonic epithelium

 The mammalian distal colon, which is composed of different cell types, actively transports Na, K and Cl in absorptive and K and Cl in secretory directions. To further characterize the K absorption process and to identify the cells involved in K absorption, unidirectional Rb fluxes and luminal Rb uptake into different epithelial cell types were determined in isolated guinea-pig distal colon. Net Rb absorption (1.5–2.5 μmol·h^–1·cm^–2) was not influenced by inhibition of Na transport with amiloride or by incubating both sides of the epithelium with Na-free solutions, but was almost completely abolished by luminal ouabain, ethoxzolamide or by incubating both sides of the epithelium with Cl-free solutions. Luminal Rb uptake, blockable by luminal ouabain, preferentially occurred in columnar surface and neck cells, to a lesser extent in surface goblet cells and to an insignificant degree in lower crypt cells. Employing a luminal Rb-Ringer (5.4 mM Rb) the Rb concentration increased within 10 min in columnar surface and neck, surface goblet and lower crypt cells to 70, 32 and about 10 mmol·kg^–1 wet weight, respectively. The presence of 5.4 mM K in the luminal incubation solution reduced Rb uptake almost completely indicating a much higher acceptance of the luminal H-K-ATPase for K than for Rb. The increase in Na and decrease in K concentrations in surface and neck cells induced by luminal ouabain might indicate inhibition of the basolateral Na-K-ATPase or drastic enhancement of cellular Na uptake by the Na-H exchanger. Bilateral Na-free incubation did not alter Rb uptake, but bilateral Cl-free incubation drastically reduced it. Inhibition of net Rb absorption by ethoxzolamide and inhibition of both Rb absorption and Rb uptake by bilateral Cl-free incubation support the notion that cellular CO₂ hydration is a necessary prerequisite for K absorption and that HCO₃ leaves the cell via a Cl-HCO₃ exchanger. Since ouabain-inhibitable transepithelial Rb flux and luminal Rb uptake rate by surface and neck cells were about the same, Rb(K) absorption seems to be accomplished mainly by columnar surface cells. Received: 4 August 1997 / Received after revision: 12 November 1997 / Accepted: 4 December 1997     

Expression of cyclin D1, retinoblastoma gene protein, and p16 MTS1 protein in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung

 To clarify the events leading to the disruption of cell growth control that occurs during the development of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (AC), we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of G1 cycle regulators, cyclin D1, Rb protein (pRb), and p16 MTS1 protein and the tumour proliferation marker, Ki 67, both in AC of the lung and in its precursor lesion, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). The frequency of lesions with cyclin D1 overexpression was relatively high in AAH (47–89%), but was decreased in early AC (28%) and overt AC (35%). The loss of pRb expression was rare in both AAH (0–18%) and early AC (0%), and was infrequent even in overt AC (13%). The loss of p16 expression was also relatively infrequent in both the premalignant and the malignant lesions (11–25%). Our results suggest that overexpression of cyclin D1 is an early event and plays an important part in tumorigenesis in the case of lung AC. However, cyclin D1 overexpression is not required for the development and maintenance of a malignant phenotype. It is likely that some cyclin D1-independent pathways other than Rb and p16 abnormalities have an important role in the malignant transformation from AAH to early AC. Received: 8 July 1997 / 26 September 1997     

Effect of hyperthermia on the transport of mRNA encoding the extracellular matrix glycoprotein SC1 into Bergmann glial cell processes

SC1 is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is related to the multifunctional protein SPARC. These matricellular members play regulatory roles in modulating cellular interactions. SC1 expression is enriched in the central nervous system during embryonic and postnatal development as well as in the adult brain. In the rat cerebellum, SC1 is expressed at high levels in Bergmann glial cells and their radial fibers which project into the synaptic-rich molecular layer. At specific stages of development and in the adult, SC1 mRNA is selectively transported into cellular processes of these cells. In the present study, we have examined the effect of whole-body hyperthermia on the transport of SC1 mRNA in Bergmann glial cells of the rat cerebellum. Our results show that SC1 mRNA transport is diminished at 10 and 15 h post-hyperthermia, but returns to control levels by 24 h after heat shock. One of the characteristics of a heat shock on cells grown in tissue culture is a collapse of the cytoskeletal network. Intact components of the cytoskeleton are necessary for the transport of mRNA into peripheral processes of cells. However, in vivo hyperthermia does not appear to affect the morphology of the intermediate filament proteins GFAP, vimentin, or the beta-tubulin component of microtubules in Bergmann glial cell processes. During the hyperthermic time course, levels of vimentin protein increase, which is reflected by immunoreactivity of activated astrocytes and microvasculature in cerebellar white matter.