黄胸鼠对大隆的实验室抗药性测定

目的停止使用溴敌隆3年后，观察黄胸鼠对大隆的抗药性变化，为鼠害防制工作提供依据。方法应用无选择性试验方法，检测黄胸鼠对大隆的抗药性。结果20只黄胸鼠摄食0．005％大隆颗粒毒饵4～11d，lld内全部死亡，20只黄胸鼠摄食0．01％大隆颗粒毒饵3～6d，6d内全部死亡。经出血情况观察，证实均为抗凝血灭鼠剂所致。结论黄胸鼠对大隆未产生抗药性，可以用大隆防制害鼠。     

云南两地黄胸鼠对杀鼠灵抗药性的调查分析

对云南省连续大量使用敌鼠钠盐灭鼠较早(8～9年)的两个地区黄胸鼠,用标准药物(0.05％的杀鼠灵)进行了抗药性实验。结果发现:潞西县的黄胸鼠已产生抗药性,抗药性发生率为16.28％;保山市黄胸鼠已出现抗药性个体,抗药性发生率为6.82％。从而提出解决抗药性的措施及今后的灭鼠工作应加强抗药性监测的建议。     

Helminth Infections in Rattus ratus and Rattus norvigicus in Tehran,Iran

Background

The aim of this study was to determine intestinal and liver helminth infections in Rattus rodents in Tehran Iran.

Methods

Overall, 306 traps were put in 39 different regions in Tehran from 2009 to 2010. Rodents, including R. rattus and R. norvegicus were caught by live-traps. They become unconscious and the spinal cords were cut, afterwards the body was dissected and the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and cecum were studied separately. The dominant type and the prevalence rate of parasites in the rodents were determined based on the infected parts of their body.

Results

After recognition of the helminthes’ types, among the 120 total number of rodents, 39 belonged to males, while among the infected rodents, 57(47.5%) were female and 18(15%) were male. The prevalence of infection in Tehran was 62.5%. Seventy cases (58.33%) of helminth infections were observed in R. rattus and 5 cases (4.16%) were observed in R. norvegicus. The maximum prevalence (15.5%) was seen in the center and east part of Tehran, while the minimum (9.16%) was in the north part of the city. The helminthes types and the corresponding percentages were Hymenolepis nana fraterna (35.8%), Heterakis spumosa (17.5%), Hymenolepis diminuta (7.5%) and Capillaria annulosa (1.6%). The dominant rodent was Rattus rattus and among the identified helminthes, Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana fraterna are zoonotic ones.

Conclusion

The information presented here improves our understanding of the major parasitic infections that rodents harbor and can transmit to human and animal populations in Iran. To prevent infectivity of human, the hazard of the identified zoonotic species needs to be contemplated.     

黄胸鼠体表寄生革螨的种多度分布

目的 研究黄胸鼠体表寄生革螨的种多度分布，阐明革螨群落内物种数与个体数之间的关系。方法 原始资料来自对云南22个县（市）14年的零星调查。现场调查中所采集的革螨用霍氏液封制成玻片标本后于显微镜下鉴定至种。革螨种多度分布用对数正态分布模型拟合。结果 所采集到的18249份革螨标本鉴定为8科17属40种。毒厉螨、纳氏厉螨和柏氏禽刺螨占全部采集革螨的93．58％，其染螨率（7．46％～27．43％）和螨指数（0．3415～2．8324）较高，被确定为黄胸鼠的优势螨种。其中有19种革螨占全部采集革螨的6．25％，系一般种；另外18种革螨仅占0．17％，属于稀有种。在半对数直角坐标系中，黄胸鼠体表革螨种多度理论曲线拟合成功，曲线最高点（0对数区间）的11种革螨仅具有1个个体。从0对数区间到第9对数区间，革螨种类数显示逐渐下降的趋势。结论 黄胸鼠体表革螨种多度分布呈对数正态分布模式，大多数革螨属于一般种和稀有种，而优势种仅为少数种类。     

Introduced rats indirectly change marine rocky intertidal communities from algae- to invertebrate-dominated

It is widely recognized that trophic interactions structure ecological communities, but their effects are usually only demonstrated on a small scale. As a result, landscape-level documentations of trophic cascades that alter entire communities are scarce. Islands invaded by animals provide natural experiment opportunities both to measure general trophic effects across large spatial scales and to determine the trophic roles of invasive species within native ecosystems. Studies addressing the trophic interactions of invasive species most often focus on their direct effects. To investigate both the presence of a landscape-level trophic cascade and the direct and indirect effects of an invasive species, we examined the impacts of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) introduced to the Aleutian Islands on marine bird densities and marine rocky intertidal community structures through surveys conducted on invaded and rat-free islands throughout the entire 1,900-km archipelago. Densities of birds that forage in the intertidal were higher on islands without rats. Marine intertidal invertebrates were more abundant on islands with rats, whereas fleshy algal cover was reduced. Our results demonstrate that invasive rats directly reduce bird densities through predation and significantly affect invertebrate and marine algal abundance in the rocky intertidal indirectly via a cross-community trophic cascade, unexpectedly changing the intertidal community structure from an algae- to an invertebrate-dominated system.     

蜡皮整粒毒饵对小家鼠和褐家鼠杀灭效果研究

目的观察蜡皮整粒毒饵对小家鼠与褐家鼠的杀灭效果。方法选择济南市历城区张马村,放0．05％敌鼠钠蜡皮玉米粒毒饵、蜡皮小麦粒毒饵与对照毒饵。结果蜡皮玉米粒、蜡皮小麦粒毒饵对小家鼠的灭效分别为99．47％、100．00％,二者比较差异无统计学意义（u=1．84,P〉0．05）,对褐家鼠分别为92．44％、96．59％。二者比较差异具有统计学意义（u=8．14,P〈0．01）。蜡皮玉米粒毒饵、对照普通玉米粒毒饵对褐家鼠的灭效分别为92．44％、92．74％,二者比较差异无统计学意义（u=0．42,P〉0．01）,对小家鼠分别为99．47％、98．34％,二者比较差异具有统计学意义（u=4．57,P〈0．01）。蜡皮小麦粒毒饵与对照普通小麦粒毒饵对褐家鼠的灭效分别为96．59％、100．00％,二者比较差异具有统计学意义（u=7．69,P〈0．01）;对小家鼠分别为100．00％、98．58％,二者比较差异具有统计学意义（u=3．84,P〈0．01）。结论蜡皮整粒毒饵对小家鼠与褐家鼠的杀灭效果很好,证明其接受性良好。     

成都地区褐家鼠种群对抗凝血类杀鼠剂的抗药性水平

目的测定成都市褐家鼠种群对抗凝血类杀鼠剂的抗药性水平,为鼠害控制提供依据。方法采用凝血反应法测定褐家鼠对杀鼠灵和溴敌隆的抗药性。结果成都地区褐家鼠对杀鼠灵ED50为0.873(雄)和1.439(雌)mg/kg;对溴敌隆ED50为1.091(雄)和1.296(雌)mg/kg。按照鼠药抗性委员会推荐的敏感褐家鼠基准,该鼠种群对杀鼠灵的抗性水平在0.578～0.676之间;对溴敌隆的抗性水平在2.125～2.321之间。结论成都地区褐家鼠种群对溴敌隆已产生抗药性,对杀鼠灵未产生抗药性;在鼠害治理中,杀鼠灵可作为替代药物。     

云南澜沧巴尔通体的分离鉴定和序列分析

[目的]调查澜沧家鼠中巴尔通体的带菌状况,分离培养鉴定并进行序列分析。[方法]将采获的家鼠血接种于含5%去纤维兔血脑心浸液琼脂培基上,置于35℃含5%CO2培养箱中培养分离巴尔通体,同文献[1]报道一致挑选疑似菌落涂片革兰染色镜检进行初筛,镜下有革兰阴性菌的用巴尔通体属特异性引物进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增特异基因片段[枸橼酸合酶基因(gltA)的379bp片段],电泳图中出现目标带即判断为阳性菌株。然后从中随机选出5株作电镜观察并且对其PCR产物测序,将所测核酸序列进行相似性比较及序列分析。[结果]从94份鼠血分离培养出疑似菌落50株,革兰染色镜检均见阴性小杆菌,经PCR证实为阳性37株。电镜下菌细胞呈短杆状、宽0.2～0.3μm、长0.8～1.0μm、菌壁较厚,无鞭毛。5株菌间相似性为93%～95%,其中1株与我国北京从褐家鼠分离的在GenBank中的编号是DQ884394的菌株相似性为99%,其他4株与Heller,R.S.等从以色列褐家鼠中分离的菌株(B.tribocorum)在GenBank中的编号是AJ005494的相似性分别为99%、99%、94%、94%。[结论]澜沧家鼠中存在巴尔通体感染,说明B.tribocorum为该地的主要优势菌。     

城市特殊环境与居民环境鼠类生态比较研究

本文首次对城市特殊环境与居民环境鼠类生态作了比较研究。结果发现,物种构成、鼠类群落多样性和均匀度因地区、环境不同而异,但褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)、小家鼠(Mus musculus)是共同的优势种。鼠密度总体水平在两种环境的差异亦因地区不同而异,如吉林省和内蒙包头市的特殊环境鼠密度显著低于居民环境(P<0.001),湖北省则相反(P<0.001);吉林省特殊环境与居民环境鼠密度基本呈同步起伏,湖北省两者很不相同。不同鼠种在不同地区、环境的密度水平及时间变动曲线也不一致。吉林省特殊环境与居民环境的褐家鼠密度水平相近,基本呈同步起伏;湖北省特殊环境显著高于居民环境,二者时间变动曲线很不相同。吉林省居民环境小家鼠密度显著高于特殊环境(P<0.001),二者基本呈同步起伏;湖北省恰恰相反。两省特殊环境的褐家鼠、小家鼠密度变异性均比居民环境大。褐家鼠、小家鼠性比在不同地区各异,总体上雌性比越高则鼠密度水平越高,小家鼠雌性比与密度总体上呈显著正相关(r=0.563,P<0.05),而褐家鼠无显著相关性。本文还报道了包头市特殊环境鼠类分类调查等结果。特殊环境建筑面积与居民环境比为1∶13;居民环境鼠类分布特点:凉房鼠密度为住房的11倍。