江苏4地区两种家栖鼠对杀鼠灵的抗药性调查

目的：调查江苏省家栖鼠对杀鼠灵的抗药性。方法：按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组制定的“鼠类对抗凝血灭鼠剂敏感性和抗药性试验方法”。结果：褐家鼠平均致死剂量为18.53mg/kg,平均致死天数5.7d,黄胸鼠平均致死剂量133.55mg/kg,平均致死天数6.8d。试验结束后产生抗药性的个体褐家鼠4只,黄胸鼠2只。结论：2种家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂耐药力增强,有产生抗药性的趋势。     

流行性出血热病毒山东地方株特性的研究

应用Vero-E_6细胞直接从流行性出血热(EHF)抗原阳性的褐家鼠鼠肺中分离出流行性出血热病毒R_(36)株(EHFV—R_(36))。形态学鉴定符合EHFV,并见到典型的颗粒性EHFV包涵体和大小形态类似的EHFV样颗粒。分离病毒株经EHFV单克隆抗体分析,R_(36)株EHFV的抗原谱不同于我国的R_(22)株,它既带有家鼠型R_(22)株相似的抗原决定簇,同时又具有野鼠型5H_5抗原决定簇。     

PREVALENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (SYN. Capillaria hepatica) IN Rattus norvegicus IN THE URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The nematode Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic helminth found mainly infecting rats. It was studied the prevalence of C. hepaticum infection in Rattus norvegicus in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), with low urban planning and sanitation. The presence of C. hepaticum was identified through visible yellowish-white lesions in liver tissue and histological analyses. The total prevalence of infection was 45%, with no significant differences between sex and age. The presence of infected rodents near the peridomestic area poses substantial risk to human health.     

Fecal microbiota variation across the lifespan of the healthy laboratory rat

Laboratory rats are commonly used in life science research as a model for human biology and disease, but the composition and development of their gut microbiota during life is poorly understood. We determined the fecal microbiota composition of healthy Sprague Dawley laboratory rats from 3 weeks to 2 y of age, kept under controlled environmental and dietary conditions. Additionally, we determined fecal short-chain fatty acid profiles, and we compared the rat fecal microbiota with that of mice and humans. Gut microbiota and to a lesser extent SCFAs profiles separated rats into 3 different clusters according to age: before weaning, first year of life (12- to 26-week-old animals) and second year of life (52- to 104-week-old). A core of 46 bacterial species was present in all rats but its members' relative abundance progressively decreased with age. This was accompanied by an increase of microbiota α-diversity, likely due to the acquisition of environmental microorganisms during the lifespan. Contrastingly, the functional profile of the microbiota across animal species became more similar upon aging. Lastly, the microbiota of rats and mice were most similar to each other but at the same time the microbiota profile of rats was more similar to that of humans than was the microbiota profile of mice. These data offer an explanation as to why germ-free rats are more efficient recipients and retainers of human microbiota than mice. Furthermore, experimental design should take into account dynamic changes in the microbiota of model animals considering that their changing gut microbiota interacts with their physiology.     

Early maternal care predicts reliance on social learning about food in adult rats

Many vertebrates rely extensively on social information, but the value of information produced by other individuals will vary across contexts and habitats. Social learning may thus be optimized by the use of developmental or current cues to determine its likely value. Here, we show that a developmental cue, early maternal care, correlates with social learning propensities in adult rodents. The maternal behavior of rats Rattus norvegicus with their litters was scored over the first 6 days postpartum. Rat dams show consistent individual differences in the rate they lick and groom (LG) pups, allowing them to be categorized as high, low, or mid‐LG mothers. The 100‐day old male offspring of high and low‐LG mothers were given the opportunity to learn food preferences for novel diets from conspecifics that had previously eaten these diets (“demonstrators”). Offspring of high‐LG mothers socially learned food preferences, but offspring of low‐LG mothers did not. We administered oxytocin to subjects to address the hypothesis that it would increase the propensity for social learning, but there were no detectable effects. Our data raise the possibility that social learning propensities may be both relatively stable throughout life and part of a suite of traits “adaptively programmed” by early developmental experiences. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 168–175, 2013     

北京市昌平区肾综合征出血热监测分析

目的了解掌握肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)的流行规律 ,评价防治效果 ,制定合理的防治措施。方法HFRS病例诊断依据为“《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》规定管理的传染病诊断标准” ,经流行病学调查个案核实而确定。用夹夜法测定鼠密度 ,鉴定鼠种 ,采用直接免疫荧光法 (FAT)检测HV抗原抗体 :无菌采集疫区内完成基础免疫两周健康者 2毫升的静脉血 ,用间接免疫荧光法 (IFAT)检测荧光抗体。结果 1998- 2002年发病率波动在 0.49- 7.4010万 ,本地居民与流动人口HFRS发病差异显著 ( χ2 =31.69,P <0.0 1) ,出现春季高峰 ,15 - 50岁青壮年高峰 ,男女性别比为 1∶0.26,轻中型病例占 87.10 % ,预防接种抗体阳转率 96.61% ,褐家鼠占捕获总数的87.06% ,鼠密度为 5.07% ,2001年的病毒携带率最高为 6.98%。结论昌平区HFRS发病率呈迅速增长趋势 ,褐家鼠为优势鼠种 ,应开展以流动人口为主要对象的预防接种工作。     

蜡皮颗粒毒饵杀灭家栖鼠类效果研究

目的 观察0.05％敌鼠钠蜡皮颗粒毒饵及蜡皮颗粒混合毒饵现场对褐家鼠和小家鼠的杀灭效果.方法 选择济南市张马村居民居住比较集中的住宅共760间房间(每个房间约为15 m2).其中,放置蜡皮颗粒混合毒饵组为249间房间,蜡皮玉米颗粒毒饵组为267间房间,蜡皮小麦颗粒毒饵组为244间房间;在每房间内布放蜡皮毒饵3堆,每堆10 g.连放4d,观察26 d.灭效考核用格粉板法(400格法).结果 蜡皮颗粒混合毒饵和蜡皮玉米颗粒毒饵对褐家鼠的灭效分别为97.45％和92.44％,二者比较差异有统计学意义(u=5.22,P＜0.01);对小家鼠的灭效分别为100％和99.47％,二者比较差异无统计学意义(u=1.46,P＞0.05).蜡皮颗粒混合毒饵与蜡皮小麦颗粒毒饵对褐家鼠的灭效分别为97.45％和96.59％,二者比较差异无统计学意义(u=1.19,P＞0.05);对小家鼠的灭效均为100％.结论 蜡皮毒饵对褐家鼠和小家鼠的杀灭效果均很好.且蜡皮玉米颗粒毒饵7份与蜡皮小麦颗粒毒饵3份混合使用杀灭褐家鼠要比单独使用蜡皮玉米颗粒毒饵效果好.     

厦门高崎国际机场2011年鼠类调查分析

2011年1-12月对厦门高崎国际机场进行了鼠类调查。采用鼠笼法,诱饵为花生,共捕获鼠类7只。鼠密度平均为0.58%,鼠密度高峰期为3-5月。调查结果表明,厦门高崎国际机场周边地区四期工地鼠害较为严重,应进行综合防治,同时需加强垃圾及绿化带的管理。     

黄胸鼠和褐家鼠对15种食物的选择性试验

目的 为控制黄胸鼠和褐家鼠，筛选配制毒饵所用的基饵及工具捕捉用诱饵。方法 用稻谷、大米、玉米、小米、葵花子、南瓜子、花生米、蚕豆、豌豆、黄豆、油条、馒头、马铃薯、苹果、梨等15种食物分别与小麦对照，进行实验室有选择性摄食试验。结果 两种家鼠对所试食物的适口性以小米最好，其次为谷物、水果类，豆类最差。结论 药物控制黄胸鼠以小米、大米、稻谷、碎玉米粒、小麦作基饵较好；褐家鼠可用小米和小麦作基饵。用工具捕捉这两种家鼠最好的诱饵是馒头。