西林县鼠疫流行期间主要宿主动物和媒介蚤的调查

目的研究西林县鼠疫流行期间主要宿主动物和媒介蚤的特征，探讨鼠疫流行的危险因素。方法在2001年鼠疫流行期间对一、二和三类疫区采用笼捕法进行鼠密度调查，采用粘蚤纸法进行地面游离蚤调查，对捕获的鼠蚤进行分类鉴定。结果一类区黄胸鼠密度为5．73％，高于二、三类区的4．B7％和4．77％；二类区的黄胸鼠体印鼠客蚤指数为0．14，明显低于一、三类区的0．98和0．93；一类区的地面游离蚤指数为0．06，明显高于二、三类区的0．0054和0。结论家鼠鼠疫疫区黄胸鼠和印鼠客蚤占总数的70％以上，当室内黄胸鼠密度大于5％及黄胸鼠体印鼠客蚤指数大于1等三项指标同时成立是鼠疫流行前期的预兆。     

福建省广州管圆线虫及中间宿主的调查

调查福建省广州管圆线虫的分布,发现除沿海地区外,福建的山区也有广州管圆线虫的感染,在全省范围内呈点状分布,感染率从5.95％到15.93％不等;广州管圆线虫的终宿主主要为褐家鼠,而中间宿主以福寿螺为主,对人们的健康构成威胁,应加强科学研究和宣传教育,预防广州管圆线虫病的发生。     

中药对膝骨关节炎黑鼠血清SOD,HA,NO水平的影响

为比较益肾、健脾和柔肝方药对膝骨关节炎血清ＳＯＤ、ＨＡ、ＮＯ水平的影响,以运动负荷方法造成Ｃ５７黑鼠早、中、晚三期膝骨关节炎模型,分别测定各期,各组黑鼠血清ＳＯＤ、ＨＡ和ＮＯ的含量,结果示骨关节炎早期和晚期,各指标组间相比均无显著性差异。中期、血清ＳＯＤ水平模型组怀空白组无差异;与模型组比较,益肾组、柔肝组水平升高,健脾组无差异。血清ＨＡ水平模型组、健脾组、芬必得组明显高于空白组;益肾组和柔肝组明     

Class I and class II regions of the major histocompatibility complex both contribute to individual odors in congenic inbred strains of rats

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat has three regions—A (class I), B/D (class II), and C/E (class I)—and congenic strains are available which differ in each of these regions. We used the habituation-dishabituation procedure to examine the ability of PVG-RT1^u male rats to discriminate between the urinary odors of congenic rat strains which differ genetically only at certain individual regions of the MHC. The results of five experiments indicate that discrimination can be made between urine from rats which differ in all three regions of the MHC (PVG vs. PVG-RT1^av1 donors), only in the class I A region (PVG vs. PVG.R1 donors), only in the class I C/E region (PVG.R19 vs. PVG-RT1^av1 donors), only in the class II B/D region (PVG.R1 vs. PVG.R19 donors), and in all regions except the classical class IA locus (PVG-RT1^av1 vs. PVG.R1 donors). These results indicate that all of the MHC regions may contribute to the individual odors of rats.This research was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant A7441 (R.E.B.), the Medical Research Council of Great Britain (B.R.), and a NATO Collaborative Research Grant. P.B.S. is working under an AFRC New Initiatives Grant.     

Immobilization-produced gastric pathology in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Seven groups of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) were deprived of food and immobilized in wire mesh cocoons for varying periods of time. Following immobilization, they were examined for gastric ulcers. Minimum immobilization necessary to produce ulcers given that pre-immobilization food deprivation was sufficiently long appeared to be between 12 and 24 hr. Results are compared to those obtained by other investigators using laboratory rats.     

Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat

The pristine island ecosystems of East Polynesia were among the last places on Earth settled by prehistoric people, and their colonization triggered a devastating transformation. Overhunting contributed to widespread faunal extinctions and the decline of marine megafauna, fires destroyed lowland forests, and the introduction of the omnivorous Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) led to a new wave of predation on the biota. East Polynesian islands preserve exceptionally detailed records of the initial prehistoric impacts on highly vulnerable ecosystems, but nearly all such studies are clouded by persistent controversies over the timing of initial human colonization, which has resulted in proposed settlement chronologies varying from approximately 200 B.C. to 1000 A.D. or younger. Such differences underpin radically divergent interpretations of human dispersal from West Polynesia and of ecological and social transformation in East Polynesia and ultimately obfuscate the timing and patterns of this process. Using New Zealand as an example, we provide a reliable approach for accurately dating initial human colonization on Pacific islands by radiocarbon dating the arrival of the Pacific rat. Radiocarbon dates on distinctive rat-gnawed seeds and rat bones show that the Pacific rat was introduced to both main islands of New Zealand approximately 1280 A.D., a millennium later than previously assumed. This matches with the earliest-dated archaeological sites, human-induced faunal extinctions, and deforestation, implying there was no long period of invisibility in either the archaeological or palaeoecological records.     

褐家鼠雄性不育处理后的社群生殖行为研究

目的 研究褐家鼠不育雄性的社群生殖行为。方法 （1）春季将30只雄性褐家鼠分为5组，每组6只；其中不育高等位鼠2只、多数低等位鼠5只、少数低等位鼠2只，混以普通可育鼠4、1、4只作为1～3组，不育鼠6只和正常可育鼠（对照）6只为第4组和对照组，观察其追逐、斗殴、爬跨行为。（2）将上述各组鼠与未孕雌性鼠10只同笼饲养12h，2周后处死，观察鼠受孕率及胎仔数。结果 （1）高等位组，鼠追逐、斗殴行为分别为71．4、23．5次／5min，孕率1／10；多数低等位鼠则为17．9、11．02次／5min，孕率4／10；少数低等位鼠为67．4、20．9次／5min，孕率1／10；不育组鼠为64．4、22．0次／5min，孕率为0；对照组孕率为7／10；（2）爬跨行为，高等位组为11．7次／5min，低等位鼠、少数低等位鼠、全部不育鼠分别为17．0、11．0、12．4次／5min；（3）经统计学处理，确认有高等位鼠存在组，攻击行为频次明显增强，交配行为频次减少，而低等位组则相反。结论 不育处理后社群生殖行为（雄性功能）未受影响，由于不育高等位鼠的“竞争性繁殖干扰”与不育的双莺作用，促使群体孕率显著下降。     

青海省乌兰县啮齿类动物调查:青藏铁路运营输入褐家鼠的可能性研究

目的调查青海省乌兰县各种生境鼠类群落的构成情况,初步判断是否有褐家鼠通过青藏铁路一期工程进入青海西部,为今后的鼠种类变化动态研究提供本底资料。方法采用夹夜法和笼捕法在乌兰县不同生境捕捉啮齿类,并进行分类鉴定。结果在不同生境共布放鼠夹1002夹和鼠笼746个,捕获啮齿类动物9种,分属兔形目的狭颅鼠兔,啮齿目的长尾仓鼠、小家鼠、根田鼠、子午沙鼠、五趾跳鼠、小毛足鼠、大耳姬鼠和中华鼢鼠。其中在居民区以小家鼠为主;农田和苗圃以长尾仓鼠为主,子午沙鼠次之;草原上鼠类密度不高,且都呈块状分布。在居民区和城镇周边农田中未发现褐家鼠。结论青藏铁路一期工程通车20多年来,褐家鼠还未在乌兰县沿线建立有效的自然种群。褐家鼠能否沿青藏铁路进入青藏高原腹地,还有待以后长期监测和研究。     

Autochthonous Angiostrongylus cantonensis Lungworms in Urban Rats,Valencia, Spain, 2021

To determine the role of rats as potential reservoirs of zoonotic parasites, we examined rats trapped in urban sewers of Valencia, Spain, in 2021. Morphologic and molecular identification and sequencing identified autochthonous Angiostrongylus cantonensis nematodes, the most common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis, in pulmonary arteries of Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus rats.