广州市斯氏屋顶鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性初步研究

目的探讨斯氏屋顶鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法参照全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对广州市所辖9个区内所捕获的53只斯氏屋顶鼠进行抗药性监测,存活率为3．8％,其总平均摄药剂量为30．31mg／kg,存活平均摄药剂量为58．29mg／kg。经与同期同地家栖鼠抗药性比较,该鼠种对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂敏感性介于黄胸鼠与褐家鼠之间。结论控制斯氏屋顶鼠可使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

Finding of Parastrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) in Rattus rattus in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain)

Parastrongylus cantonensis is a parasite of murid rodents that can infect humans and cause health problems as eosinophilic meningitis. Although it is endemic in south Asia, the Pacific islands, Australia, USA, and a few Caribbean islands, it has been extended to new geographical regions. In the Canary Islands (Spain) a survey of helminths of Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus domesticus was carried out. Furthermore, five species of molluscs were examined for nematode larvae to determine whether they are potential intermediate hosts of P. cantonensis. Nematodes were found in the lungs of 15% of 67 R. rattus examined in Tenerife, one of the four studied islands, with a prevalence of 20% in the highest focus of infection. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, with the complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) and a fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) nucleotide sequences, nematodes were identified as P. cantonensis. Larval nematodes found from snails and slugs were identified as third-stage (L₃) Metastrongyloidea, but the molecular study showed that they did not belong to P. cantonensis. This is the first finding of angiostrongyliasis in rats in the Canary Islands (Spain). New molecular data for this species and Parastrongylus dujardini are reported. The presence of P. cantonensis in Tenerife could be of importance from the public health point of view. Further studies are required in order to look for other potential foci of infections in the Canary Islands.     

Development of behavior in the litter huddle in rat pups: Within‐ and between‐litter differences

Early postnatal growth in mammals can be considerably influenced by litter size and often differs among littermates in relation to birth mass. In a study of Long Evans laboratory rats we asked whether within‐ and between‐litter differences in body mass and growth are related to behavioral development during early postnatal life. For this, we analyzed the amount of general motor activity and the display of directed, seemingly goal‐oriented interactions within the litter huddle in previsual pups. During the study period from postnatal days 2 to 11, we found significant changes in pup behavior, showing a nonlinear, quadratic shape. General motor activity and, more specifically, the display of behaviors apparently directed to reaching central positions in the litter huddle increased during the first postnatal days and then decreased again. However, pups from small litters that grow more rapidly than pups from large litters, showed a faster increase in both behaviors, whereas the young from large litters reached a higher maximum. We also found striking within‐litter differences in the amount of directed behavior performed by light and heavy pups, with higher levels in the former group, most probably because light pups that have a less favorable body mass‐to‐volume ratio and more often occupy peripheral positions in the litter huddle, make a greater effort to reach thermally favorable central positions. In conclusion, our study shows there to be consistent between‐litter as well as within‐litter differences in behavioral patterns during early life. These differences might have important implications for an individual's long‐term behavioral and physiological performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 35–43, 2010     

流行性出血热457例临床分析

本文对1984年10月至1986年9月入院的457例流行性出血热病例进行了分析。大多数病例有典型的临床表现,全部病例有蛋白尿。由于重视了β_2—MG 肾功能检查,提高了早期诊断率。对421例患者进行了血清学检查(间接免疫荧光法),其中361例血清特异性抗体呈阳性(85.75％)。治疗过程中重视了输液疗法,并试用了免疫疗法,提高了治愈率。由于在黑线姬鼠和褐家鼠体内均发现流行性出血热相关抗原,认为是农村型和城市型的混合流行。     

GABA-immunoreactive starburst amacrine cells in pigmented and albino rats

In this study we tested whether the critical anatomical substrate for retinal direction selectivity is altered in albino mammals. We used dual immunostaining for GABA and choline acetyltransferase and quantitatively analyzed the number of double-labelled starburst amacrine cells in wild-type and albino rats. In albino rats, the percentage of ON-amacrine cells with high GABA content was significantly lower than in pigmented animals. OFF-amacrines did not significantly differ between the two rat strains. Thus, the decreased GABA content in ON-amacrine cells could reflect an altered neuronal substrate for retinal direction selectivity. These results are discussed in relation to the optokinetic deficits described in albino mammals.     

改良抗凝血灭鼠剂毒杀抗药性黄胸鼠的初步观察

目的初步观察改良抗凝血灭鼠剂毒杀抗药性黄胸鼠的效果。方法采用实验室无选择性试验和现场间隔投药方法。结果在实验室黄胸鼠摄食改良抗凝血灭鼠剂毒饵4d,两组毒杀率分别为81.25%和85.00%。现场考核,在检测有抗药鼠的两个单位中,应用改良抗凝血灭鼠剂60d内控制了鼠害,粉迹法鼠密度为0.33%;用未改良的抗凝血灭鼠剂未控制鼠害,粉迹法鼠密度为16.14%;另7个未检测是否有抗药鼠的单位,用改良抗凝血灭鼠剂45～60d控制了鼠害,粉迹法鼠密度为0～1.37%。结论初步认为改良抗凝血灭鼠剂能够毒杀对抗凝血灭鼠剂有抗药性的黄胸鼠。     

黄胸鼠对六种抗凝血灭鼠剂的选择性试验

目的　为控制黄胸鼠筛选适口性较好的抗凝血灭鼠剂。方法　在实验室将黄胸鼠单个笼养和集体群养进行有选择性摄食试验 ,分别测定 6种灭鼠剂的毒力及适口性。结果　第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂的适口性和毒效均优于第一代。结论　在鼠类产生抗药性种群的地区灭鼠 ,可更换使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂。     

盈江县鼠疫主要宿主黄胸鼠体表蚤类的研究

目的掌握盈江县鼠疫主要宿主黄胸鼠体表蚤类种群分布及季节消长规律。方法整理和分析鼠疫监测资料和疫情资料。结果该地黄胸鼠体表寄生蚤主要为印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤，年均染蚤率、总蚤指数和印鼠客蚤指数分别为15．66％、0．91、0．65，总体水平呈下降趋势；鼠体月均染蚤率与总蚤指数季节消长趋势基本一致，夏季明显高于其他季节，分别为26．12％和1．47。印鼠客蚤指数最高为6月份（1．37），该蚤构成比呈单峰，于5—10月维持在相当高的水平。结论根据寄生蚤类种群分布和季节消长规律，加强夏季的灭蚤工作，降低蚤指数，减少鼠疫暴发。     

特殊环境（冷库）双氯敌鼠铵防治褐家鼠药效观察

目的双氯敌鼠铵为我国新研制并具有自主知识产权的新抗凝血灭鼠剂，观察该药在特殊环境（冷库）防治褐家鼠的杀灭效果。方法在0．005％双氯敌鼠铵小麦（占95％）及玉米（占5％）混合毒饵中加入0．5％食盐作为引诱剂，用一次投放法灭鼠，用鼠迹法做药效考核；从灭鼠后第2个月开始调查褐家鼠种群密度和药效，每月1次，连续6次。结果投饵前鼠密度为55．47％，投饵后27及40d时鼠密度分别降至0．78％和0，灭效高达98．59％和100％。灭鼠后第2～7个月鼠密度均为0，灭效均高达100％。结论双氯敌鼠铵对褐家鼠适口性好，在特殊环境中一次投饵的药效较为理想。