品质圈活动在护理工作中的应用现状与进展

品质圈活动是确保质量得到持续改进和控制的有效方法之一.对品质圈活动的概念、内涵、实施以及在护理工作中的实践应用做一综述,旨在帮助护理工作人员认识实施品质圈活动的意义,为护理管理者全面提高护理质量提供一些借鉴和启示.     

我国城市地下水水质污染状况研究进展

综述了我国城市地下水水质污染状况的研究进展     

预期无残疾寿命的计算及应用

预期无残疾寿命（ＥＬＷＤ）在国外公共卫生及老年医学研究中已得到普遍重视，但ＥＬＷＤ的计算中却存在着若干错误，直接影响着ＥＬＷＤ的正确使用。文章简述了ＥＬＷＤ的概念及原理，推导了正确的计算公式，并以实例说明了计算步骤及方法，对ＥＬＷＤ在医学研究中的应用进行了讨论。     

Development of a Novel Scale to Assess Life Fulfilment as Part of the Further Refinement of a Quality-of-Life Model for Epilepsy

Summary: We have been involved in developing a health-related quality-of-life model for use as an outcome measure in epilepsy. As part of the further development of this model, we have developed a measure of life fulfilment. This scale is based on methods previously described by Krupinski in 1980. The value of Krupinski's approach is the opportunity for patients to weight the numerous aspects of their quality of life and assess the discrepancy between their actual and desired circumstances. The life fulfilment scale has been shown to be reliable (α= 0.7) and valid. The scale is currently being applied to several clinical studies in epilepsy. We believe that the scale provides a valuable contribution to our health-related quality-of-life model.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗后生存质量评估

目的了解慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者生存质量（QOL）状况,并通过抗病毒治疗对其QOL进行干预.方法采用横断面调查,选择2003年至2004年期间武汉大学人民医院感染科212例慢性乙型肝炎患者及健康人群185例,分别以健康状况问卷（SF-36）、医学应对问卷以及肝病特质问卷进行调查.结果与健康对照组比较,CHB患者除情感职能（RE）外,其他维度得分均明显低于健康对照者（P＜0.05）.CHB患者QOL与年龄、肝病特质问卷得分以及医学应对问卷中的屈服、面对因子分显著负相关（P＜0.01）.虽然不同抗病毒治疗方案对CHB患者QOL的影响差异无统计学意义,但完全应答组与无应答组比较,两组除社会功能（SF）（P＜0.05）以外其他维度的得分差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;部分应答组与无应答组比较,仅RE、躯体疼痛（BP）及一般健康状况（GH）维度的得分差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论CHB患者QOL多个纬度均有受损.有效的抗病毒治疗能提高患者的QOL.     

Development of phantom for radiographic image optimization of standard patient in the lateral view of chest and skull examination

We present the construction of a homogeneous phantom to be used in simulating the scattering and absorption of X-rays by a standard patient chest and skull when irradiated laterally. This phantom consisted of lucite and aluminium plates with their thickness determined by a tomographic exploratory method applied to the anthropomorphic phantom. Using this phantom, an optimized radiographic technique was established for chest and skull of standard sized patient in lateral view. Images generated with this optimized technique demonstrated improved image quality and reduced radiation doses.     

A Norwegian nationwide quality assurance project in nuclear medicine: total performance in bone scintigraphy measured with a new transmission phantom

A prototype version of a recently developed transmission phantom for simulation of radionuclide bone studies was used in a Norwegian nationwide quality assurance project. The design of the phantom made it possible to perform a receiver operation characteristic (ROC) examination with respect to the detection of radionuclide accumulation in the ribs. The participants were also asked to report accumulation in the spinal column. Images obtained by means of a uniform source and a four-quadrant bar pattern were used to judge resolution and homogeneity with the collimator used in the bone studies. The overall performance of the laboratories was satisfactory, but considerable variations were found. There was a marked correlation between the physician's performance and the resolution and homogeneity of the camera. Reports from stationary imaging were generally better than those that were based on whole-body scans.     

Lung Transplant Recipients Holding Companion Animals: Impact on Physical Health and Quality of Life

Since lung transplant recipients are susceptible to infections and inhaled pollution, many centers warn against pets. However, data supporting this recommendation are lacking. Our program is less restrictive regarding pets. This study, for the first time, investigates the association of pets with physiological and psychological parameters in these patients. A questionnaire concerning pets was sent to 104 lung transplant recipients. Lung function tests, levels of exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)), need for antibiotic treatments and hospitalizations, creatinine clearance, body mass index (BMI) and demographic data were assessed. Additionally, the questionnaire of life satisfaction (FLZ), a question on summarized life satisfaction (LS), the life orientation test (LOT), the hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS) and the social support questionnaire (F-SozU) were assessed. Response rate was 86%. Fifty-two percent defined themselves as pet owners, whereas 48% did not. The two groups did not differ in demographic or physiological data. Significant differences in FLZ (79/65, p = 0.04), in LS (4.3/3.9, p = 0.01), LOT (32/29, p = 0.006) and F-SozU (4.5/4.2, p = 0.04) were found in favor of pet owners. In lung transplant recipients keeping pets the frequency of somatic complications is not higher compared to lung transplant recipients without pets. After lung transplantation, pets are associated with a better quality of life.