急性脑梗死进展发生的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨急性脑梗死早期进展发生的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2013年12月东南大学附属中大医院神经内科收治的急性脑梗死患者446例。神经功能恶化(ND)定义为住院72 h内任一时刻复评美国国立卫生研究卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较入院基线NIHSS评分增加2分(ND2)或增加4分(ND4)。将患者分为ND2组(n=107)和非ND2组(n=339),或ND4组(n=62)和非ND4组(n=384)。比较不同组间患者的一般人口学、脑血管病危险因素、影像学以及血液学资料的差异。结果 446例患者中,107例(24.0%)诊断为ND2,62例(13.9%)诊断为ND4。单因素分析结果显示,ND2患者和非ND2患者间住院时间、年龄、基线NIHSS评分、入院基线收缩压、责任动脉闭塞以及血液学检查中的白细胞、空腹血糖和C反应蛋白水平差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);ND4患者和非ND4患者间性别、年龄、心房颤动、基线NIHSS评分、入院基线收缩压、责任动脉闭塞以及血液C反应蛋白水平的差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。校正混杂因素后,Logistic回归分析结果显示,基线NIHSS评分(OR=1.114,95%CI:1.0481~1.185,P=0.001)、C反应蛋白(OR=1.014,95%CI:1.004~1.024,P=0.004)、责任动脉闭塞(OR=2.303,95%CI:1.152~4.606,P=0.018)与ND2独立相关;而年龄(OR=1.040,95%CI:1.011~1.070,P=0.006)、收缩压(OR=1.015,95%CI:1.003~1.027,P=0.018)、C反应蛋白(OR=1.016,95%CI:1.005~1.026,P=0.003)、责任动脉闭塞(OR=2.845,95%CI:1.291~2.269,P=0.009)与ND4独立相关。结论急性脑梗死患者早期发生ND与患者年龄、卒中严重程度、基线收缩压、C反应蛋白以及责任动脉闭塞关系密切。临床诊治中,及时完善上述指标的检测有助于鉴别出早期易于进展恶化的急性脑梗死患者。     

Efecto negativo del bloqueo del sistema renina-angiotensina sobre la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada: ¿una cuestión de ajuste de dosis?

IntroductionThe renoprotective effect of renin-angiotensin (RAS) blockers (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers) has been questioned in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Moreover, combination therapy (dual RAS blockade) can further accelerate renal function decline in some populations at risk. However, it is unknown whether this adverse outcome is due to a dose-dependent effect or if it can be attributed more specifically to a drug interaction.Aim This study aims to investigate if the rate of renal function decline in advanced CKD patients is associated to the doses of RAS blockers, and if dual RAS blockade worsens renal function independently of major confounding factors.Material and methodsRetrospective, observational study in an incident cohort of adult patients with CKD stage 4 or 5 not on dialysis, treated with RAS blockers for at least 3 months prior to the study inclusion. Inclusion criteria were: having at least three consecutive measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a follow-up period > 3 months. Decline in renal function was estimated as the slope of the individual linear regression line of eGFR over follow-up time. Equipotent doses of RAS blockers were normalised for a body weight of 70 kg or a body surface area of 1.73 m² (END-RASI). Associations of END-RASI or dual RAS blockade with the rate of renal function decline were analysed by uni- or multivariate linear regression models, accounting for major confounding variables.ResultsThe study group consisted of 813 patients (mean age 64 ± 14 years, 430 males) with a mean eGFR 14.9 ± 4.2 ml/min/1.73 m²; 729 patients were on RAS blockade monotherapy and 84 on dual RAS blockade. Median END-RASI in the whole group was 0.91 (I.Q. ranges: 0.69-1.20). Patients on dual RAS blockade had significantly higher END-RASI than the rest of study patients (1.52 ± 0.49 vs. 0.93 ± 0.44; p < 0.0001). In univariate linear regression, END-RASI were significantly correlated with eGFR decline (R = −0.149; p < 0.0001). Patients on dual RAS blockade showed a significantly faster decline of renal function than the rest of the study patients (−6.19 ± 5.57 vs. −3.04 ± 5.37 ml/min/1.73 m²/year, p < 0.0001). By multivariate linear regression, while dual RAS blockade remained independent and significantly associated with faster renal function decline (beta = −0.094; p = 0.005), END-RASI (normalised either for body weight or surface area) did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionEND-RASI are significantly associated with the rate of renal function decline in advanced CKD patients. However, the detrimental effect of dual RAS blockade on CKD progression seems to be independent of END-RASI and other major confounding factors.     

Single Neuropsychological Test Scores Associated With Rate of Cognitive Decline in Early Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) characteristically begins with episodic memory impairment followed by other cognitive deficits; however, the course of illness varies, with substantial differences in the rate of cognitive decline. For research and clinical purposes it would be useful to distinguish between persons who will progress slowly from persons who will progress at an average or faster rate. Our objective was to use neurocognitive performance features and disease-specific and health information to determine a predictive model for the rate of cognitive decline in participants with mild AD. We reviewed the records of a series of 96 consecutive participants with mild AD from 1995 to 2011 who had been administered selected neurocognitive tests and clinical measures. Based on Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of functional and cognitive decline over 2 years, participants were classified as Faster (n = 45) or Slower (n = 51) Progressors. Stepwise logistic regression analyses using neurocognitive performance features, disease-specific, health, and demographic variables were performed. Neuropsychological scores that distinguished Faster from Slower Progressors included Trail Making Test - A, Digit Symbol, and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Total Learned and Primacy Recall. No disease-specific, health, or demographic variable predicted rate of progression; however, history of heart disease showed a trend. Among the neuropsychological variables, Trail Making Test - A best distinguished Faster from Slower Progressors, with an overall accuracy of 68%. In an omnibus model including neuropsychological, disease-specific, health, and demographic variables, only Trail Making Test - A distinguished between groups. Several neuropsychological performance features were associated with the rate of cognitive decline in mild AD, with baseline Trail Making Test - A performance best separating those who declined at an average or faster rate from those who showed slower progression.     

Long-term progression of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: A single-center retrospective study of the French Marne–Ardennes thyroid cancer registry

ContextNon-invasive forms of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC) were reclassified as non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) in order to reduce overtreatment. A few studies showed neck lymphadenopathy at diagnosis, or even distant metastasis in patients with NIFTP.ObjectiveOur aim was to report the frequency, clinical features and long-term progression of histologically confirmed NIFTP, using data from the French Marne–Ardennes thyroid cancer registry, and to compare findings against FVPTC.MethodsThis was a retrospective study on data for follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) diagnosed between 1975 and 2015 obtained from the specialized Marne–Ardennes thyroid cancer registry. Pathology reports were used to select appropriate cases from a large series, and FVPTC specimens were reviewed by endocrine pathologists. Strict diagnostic criteria were used for reclassification as NIFTP.ResultsIn total, 115 cases were reviewed histologically out of 383 cases of FVPTC. Sixty-five met all criteria for NIFTP and were consequently reclassified. Incidence of NIFTP was 16.9% of cases of FVPTC. Fifty patients were women (76.9%); median age was 47 years. Mean NIFTP size was 2.6 cm. There were no significant differences in age, gender or tumor size between NIFTP and FVPTC. Fifty patients underwent total thyroidectomy and 15 lobectomy. There were no lymph node metastases at diagnosis, and none of the patients (N = 17) who underwent central and/or lateral neck dissection had positive findings on microscopic examination. 46 patients (70.8%) received radioiodine (RAI). Patients were followed up for 1.9–27.3 years (median 14.6 years) after initial treatment. All patients remained in complete remission during follow-up.ConclusionConsistently with previous studies, our results showed the indolent course of NIFTP and that risk of recurrence after complete resection is very low (zero in our cohort), even when size is ≥ 4 cm and in absence of adjuvant RAI treatment. Prospective studies are needed to confirm those results.     

Inhibition of Periostin Expression Protects against the Development of Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis

Increased renal expression of periostin, a protein normally involved in embryonic and dental development, correlates with the decline of renal function in experimental models and patient biopsies. Because periostin has been reported to induce cell differentiation, we investigated whether it is also involved in the development of renal disease and whether blocking its abnormal expression improves renal function and/or structure. After unilateral ureteral obstruction in wild-type mice, we observed a progressive increase in the expression and synthesis of periostin in the obstructed kidney that associated with the progression of renal lesions. In contrast, mice lacking the periostin gene showed less injury-induced interstitial fibrosis and inflammation and were protected against structural alterations. This protection was associated with a preservation of the renal epithelial phenotype. In vitro, administration of TGF-β to renal epithelial cells increased the expression of periostin several-fold, leading to subsequent loss of the epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, treatment of these cells with periostin increased the expression of collagen I and stimulated the phosphorylation of FAK, p38, and ERK 42/44. In vivo delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit periostin expression protected animals from L-NAME–induced renal injury. These data strongly suggest that periostin mediates renal disease in response to TGF-β and that blocking periostin may be a promising therapeutic strategy against the development of CKD.     

胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ联合胃泌素-17检测对慢性萎缩性胃炎发病部位及胃癌进展时期的预测价值

目的：探讨胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ（PGⅠ）联合胃泌素-17（G-17）检测对慢性萎缩性胃炎发病部位及胃癌进展时期的预测价值。方法选择本院收治的慢性萎缩性胃炎患者33例、胃癌患者35例作为研究对象,进行PGⅠ、PGⅡ和G-17检测,比较并分析PGⅠ、PGⅡ及G-17水平的变化情况。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎组PGⅠ和G-17水平高于胃癌组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,胃窦部组的PGⅠ水平高于胃体部组和全胃弥漫组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,胃体部组的G-17水平高于全胃弥漫组和胃窦部组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,早期胃癌或原位癌的PGⅠ和G-17水平显著高于进展期胃癌,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论胃窦部发病为主的慢性萎缩性胃炎其G-17显著下降,胃体部或全胃病变者PGⅠ的下降更加明显,进展期胃癌者PGⅠ水平更低而G-17水平更高。     

基底动脉尖综合征临床特点及预后分析

目的 分析150例基底动脉尖综合征临床特点及30d预后,探讨其临床特点及预后不良的相关因素.方法 跟踪随访150例诊断明确患者发病时临床表现.死亡患者死亡原因.并于入院时及病后30d分别进行NIHSS、改良Rankin残障量表(MRS)评分,分析患者30d预后,及分析预后不良的相关因素.结果 本组150例基底动脉尖综合征30d病死率为10%.眩晕及偏瘫为主要首发症状,脑疝及合并症为主要死亡及高残障的主要原因.病变部位(OR=0.112,P=0.002)、病变个数(0R=0.460,P=0.0301、并,发症(OR=0.344,P=0.001)与预后不良相关.结论 基底动脉尖综合征及早诊断、积极治疗大部分预后良好,关键在疾病预防.     

幕上Ⅱ级胶质瘤预后的相关因素分析

目的 探讨幕上Ⅱ级胶质瘤预后的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析215例幕上Ⅱ级胶质瘤的临床资料,记录每个患者的无进展生存时间和总体生存时间.用Kaplan-Meier法对患者的各相关因素进行单因素分析,并采用Log-rank法检验差异的显著性,对在单因素分析中P<0.05者应用Cox回归模型进行多因素分析.结果 单因素分析结果显示:影响患者无进展生存时间和总体生存时间的因素包括年龄、首发症状、术前KPS评分、肿瘤长径、肿瘤形态、肿瘤强化程度、病理类型、手术切除程度、术后放疗(P值均<0.05).多因素分析显示:患者的年龄、术前KPS评分、肿瘤强化程度、手术切除程度和术后放疗等因素对患者的无进展生存时间和总体生存时间影响更为显著(P值均<0.05).结论 患者的年龄、术前KPS评分、肿瘤强化程度、手术切除程度和术后是否放疗等因素,是影响幕上Ⅱ级胶质瘤的预后因素.     

Radiographic progression of large joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

Objectives: Radiographic progression of damage to the small joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well known; however, it has not been studied fully in the large joints. In this study, we looked at the prevalence of radiographic progression of large joint damage in patients with RA treated with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs).

Methods: A total of 273 large joints in the upper and lower extremities of 67 patients with RA treated with bDMARDs were investigated. Radiographs for tender and/or swollen large joints were taken at least twice during the study period (mean 18.6 months), and the progression of damage was evaluated.

Results: Progressive damage was found in 20.9% of patients and 6.2% of joints. A multivariate analysis revealed that the Larsen grade (LG) alone was a risk factor for progressive damage. The LG cutoff value was determined to be 2.5 (sensitivity: 0.529, specificity: 0.805).

Conclusions: The only factor to predict progressive damage was the LG of the joints with symptoms, and the damage must be stopped within LG II. Regular radiographic examinations for large joints should be performed in addition to routine examinations for small joints, such as the hand and foot.     

Factors Associated With Rates of HBsAg Seroclearance in Adults With Chronic HBV Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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