血管性认知损害的影像学研究进展

血管性认知损害是指由多种原因引起的从轻度认知损害到痴呆的一大类综合征。目前,所有的痴呆标准都是建立在阿尔茨海默病的基础上,过分强调记忆损害在痴呆诊断中的重要作用,而血管性认知损害以皮质下功能损害多见,使得早期由于血管因素而造成的认知功能损害不能及时被诊断出来。VC I诊断标准很不统一,临床诊断主要基于神经心理学量表、临床或影像检查,很难排除主观因素影响且正确率不高,真正确诊仍依赖于尸检证实不含超过年龄相关的神经元纤维缠结和老年斑数,以及其它变性疾患组织学特征,这对早期干预十分不利。影像学作为一种无创的诊断方法,近年发展迅速,在血管性认知损害的早期诊断中起到关键作用,本文就血管性认知损害的影像学研究进展作一综述。     

The role of a combined regimen with intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review

Context

Due to the suboptimal clinical outcomes of current therapies for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the search for better therapeutic options continues. One option is chemohyperthermia (C-HT): microwave-induced hyperthermia (HT) with intravesical chemotherapy, typically mitomycin C (MMC). During the last 15 yr, the combined regimen has been tested in different clinical settings.

Objective

To perform a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of C-HT as a treatment for NMIBC.

Evidence acquisition

The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search of the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CancerLit, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was undertaken. Relevant conference abstracts and urology journals were also searched manually. Two reviewers independently reviewed candidate studies for eligibility and abstracted data from studies that met inclusion criteria. The primary end point was time to recurrence. Secondary end points included time to progression, bladder preservation rate, and adverse event (AE) rate.

Evidence synthesis

A total of 22 studies met inclusion criteria and underwent data extraction. When possible, data were combined using random effects meta-analytic techniques. Recurrence was seen 59% less after C-HT than after MMC alone. Due to short follow-up, no conclusions can be drawn about time to recurrence and progression. The overall bladder preservation rate after C-HT was 87.6%. This rate appeared higher than after MMC alone, but valid comparison studies were lacking. AEs were higher with C-HT than with MMC alone, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Published data suggest a 59% relative reduction in NMIBC recurrence when C-HT is compared with MMC alone. C-HT also appears to improve bladder preservation rate. However, due to a limited number of randomized trials and to heterogeneity in study design, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. In the future, C-HT may become standard therapy for high-risk patients with recurrent tumors, for patients who are unsuitable for radical cystectomy, and in cases for which bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment is contraindicated.     

成人股骨头坏死的治疗进展

成人股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH）的治疗一直是医学界的难点,以往临床治疗疗效均不显著。近年来随着科技的发展,各种新的方法和技术使临床疗效显著提高,该文对成人股骨头坏死的治疗技术及方法做一综述。     

Biomechanical factors in the progression of idiopathic scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis is present when, in upright positions of the trunk, the spine curves to the side for unknown reasons. This paper reviews evidence concerning some biomechanical factors that might underlie the progression of such curves. The review concentrates on studies conducted in our laboratories. Arguments are made, based on biomechanical analyses and experiments, that progression occurs because of defects in the postural control system of the spine.     

Prognostic factors in WHO grade 2 transitional-cell bladder cancer (TCC); a novel two-grade classification system for TCC based on mitotic index

Summary A retrospective histological analysis has been carried out on 537 cases of transitional-cell bladder carcinoma, followed-up over a period of 9 years. In the first part of the study WHO grade 2 tumours were analysed and a number of independent factors predictive for survival identified. In a multivariate analysis the T category and M/V index (number of mitotic figures/mm² neoplastic epithelium) were the most important prognostic factors. In a subsequent analysis of the whole series of 537 cases, overall the M/V index was not as important in predicting survival as the stage of the tumour. However, in superficial tumours (Ta–T1) subsequent analysis showed that the M/V index alone could be used to predict survival.     

The progression of hearing loss in the early stages of sudden deafness

Summary The pathogenesis of sudden deafness is still not known. Therefore, to clarify its pathophysiology, it is important to know whether the progression of hearing loss occurs in the early stage of sudden deafness. The subjects were 11 patients with sudden deafness showing the progression of hearing loss by pure tone audiometry after the onset of the initial attack of hearing loss. The progression of hearing loss was mostly observed within 4–7 days after the onset of the initial attack. Average hearing loss in initial audiometry was severe and the recovery was poor in the majority of cases. An exploratory tympanotomy was performed in five cases and revealed one case of perilymphatic leak from the round window and another case of suspected round-window membrane rupture. As far as the causes of the progression of hearing loss in the early stage of sudden deafness are concerned, the following could be considered (1) aggravation of viral labyrinthitis, (2) aggravation of the vascular lesion of the inner ear, and (3) rupture of the membranous labyrinth of window(s).This paper was presented at the XVIth International Congress of Audiology, May 23–27, 1982, held in Helsinki, Finland     

Clinical parameters and intrathecal IgG synthesis as prognostic features in multiple sclerosis. Part I

Summary In a search for early prognostic features in multiple sclerosis, the progression rate was calculated in 200 consecutive multiple sclerosis patients who had had a lumbar puncture, and correlated with age at onset, type of disease course, the patient's sex, as well as with indices of blood-brain barrier breakdown and intrathecal IgG synthesis. The present study demonstrates that age at onset plays a role in determining whether the disease will be remitting-relapsing or chronic progressive. Age at onset is also a factor determining the rate of progression of the remitting-relapsing form, but is without influence on the progression of the chronic progressive form. A chronic progressive disease course per se (independent of age at onset) is also associated with a more rapid deterioration. The patient's sex does not appear to be a differentiating factor. Only inconsistent correlations were found between IgG index or number of oligoclonal bands in the CSF and disease progression.

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Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Suche nach frühen prognostischen Parametern der MS. Bei 200 unausgewählten Patienten wurde durch Liquoruntersuchungen die Diagnose bestätigt. Es wurde die Dynamik des Krankheitsverlaufes ermittelt und mit dem Anfangsalter, Verlaufstyp, Geschlecht, intrathekaler IgG-Synthese und Indizien von Bluthirnschrankenstörung korreliert. Der individuelle Krankheitsbeginn bestimmt, ob das Leiden einen Rückfall-Remissionsverlauf nimmt oder chronisch progredient verläuft. Das Anfangsalter bestimmt auch das Tempo der Rückfall-Remissionsform, nicht aber das des progredienten Verlaufes. Generell kommt es bei der chronisch progressiven Form zu einer rascheren Verschlechterung als bei der Rückfall-Remissionsvariante. Das Geschlecht scheint kein differenzierender Faktor zu sein. Eindeutige Zusammenhänge zwischen dem IgG-Index oder der Anzahl oligoklonischer Bänder im Liquor und dem Krankheitsverlauf wurden nicht festgestellt.

     

The progression of radiological hand osteoarthritis over ten years: a clinical follow-up study

The natural history of hand osteoarthritis (OA) is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to ascertain the extent and pattern of radiological progression of hand OA over a 10-year period. A follow-up study was carried out on 169 consecutive patients who initially presented with OA of the hands or knees between 1975-1977. Fifty-nine subjects (45 women and 14 men) were recontacted who had paired hand radiographs, a mean of 10 years apart, and were a mean 69 (range 53-86) years old at follow-up. X-rays were scored blind, in three joint areas--distal and proximal interphalangeal joints (DIP and PIP) and first carpo-metacarpal (CMC) joints--using the method of Kellgren and Lawrence (K&L) (0-4), and for osteophytes and narrowing (0-3). Using the highest score for right and left hands (N = 118), K&L changes at the three areas were similar with 47-50% deteriorating, 45-46% unchanged, and 6-8% improving. Similar deterioration was seen when scoring the three joint areas for osteophytes (38-39%) and narrowing (39-48%). New osteophytes appeared in 48% of DIP joints during the 10 years. There was a weak correlation between progression at the DIP and PIP joints, but no relationship between DIP and CMC, or CMC and PIP. Virtually all subjects (97%) deteriorated when the total scores of all joints were calculated. No significant differences were seen between 'severe progressors' and 'minor' in terms of age or body mass index (BMI). A nonsignificant increase in the proportion of knee progressors in the severe progressor hand group was seen and there was a higher rate of baseline DIP OA in knee progressors. These results suggest that the majority of patients with OA of the hands attending a rheumatology outpatients clinic deteriorate radiologically over a 10-year period, about half developing new changes in DIP joints. There were no obvious features distinguishing those with rapid deterioration, although DIP OA appears to be a risk factor for knee progression.