5岁以下健康儿童流感嗜血杆菌携带状态的研究

[目的]流感嗜血杆菌(Hi)是引起儿童细菌性感染的主要病原菌,国内对Hi携带的研究资料较少,本文对石家庄市5岁以下健康儿童Hi感染的流行病学分布情况进行了研究,为制订防治对策提供参考依据。[方法]在石家庄市区整群随机抽样,调查1045例5岁以下健康儿童,取鼻咽拭子标本,用改良巧克力培养基,常规Hi培养并鉴定菌型。[结果](1)Hi携带率为15.6%,生物型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型共98例(70.5%)为优势菌型。(2)经Logistic多元回归分析显示Hi携带与年龄、出生时身高、家庭人均经济收入和裂纹舌有关。[结论]石家庄市5岁以下正常儿童Hi携带率为15.6%,6个月至2岁儿童Hi携带率最高(22.4%)。Hi携带可能受遗传等综合因素影响。把中医舌诊试用于Hi携带的观察研究,显示了裂纹舌与Hi感染有关,为中西医结合提供参考依据。     

Molecular staging of head and neck squamous carcinoma

The staging system of head and neck cancer is a Tumor-Node-Metastases system that was developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. The stage of the head and neck cancer defines the extent of the lesion and is determined by physical examination, radiologic studies, and pathologic examination. Accurate staging of head and neck cancer is critical since it will determine the treatment modalities used to cure the disease. Recent advances in the field of molecular genetics have allowed clinicians to detect occult cancer cells previously missed by physical examination and standard histopathologic techniques. Molecular assays are 500 times more sensitive in identifying cancer cells than standard techniques and provide more objective analyses with fewer sampling errors. Consequently, these techniques are currently being used to perform molecular staging of head and neck cancer patients. Preliminary results show that molecular staging will accurately identify those patients at significantly increased risk for recurrence of their head and neck cancer.     

A model for the determination of carbamazepine clearance in children on mono- and polytherapy

Objective: To derive a model describing carbamazepine (CBZ) clearance in children, in terms of individual patient characteristics. Methods: One hundred and eighteen steady-state serum carbamazepine concentration measurements were gathered during normal routine care of 72 compliant out-patients (2.3–16.3 years old). Levels were obtained from patients receiving monotherapy (55%), concomitant valproate (26%), or concomitant inducers (phenytoin, phenobarbitone; 19%). A one-compartment model was used to fit the data with the computer programme Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model (NONMEM). Results: Weight, age and concomitant medication were all important determinants of clearance. The final model for clearance (l · h⁻¹) was: CL = [0.7(WT)^0.4] · M, where WT is patient weight (kg) and M is a scaling factor for concomitant medication, with a value of 1 for patients on CBZ monotherapy or concomitant valproate and 1.4 for those receiving concomitant inducers. For the purposes of this analysis, bioavailability (f) was assumed to be complete, i.e., f is thus included in the term CL. Conclusions: CBZ clearance decreased with increasing age. As age and weight were correlated, either variable was a satisfactory predictor. The influence of both the inducers and valproate on CBZ clearance was as expected. This model, which describes clearance in terms of patient-specific details, can be used when predicting the maintenance dose required to achieve a target mean steady-state CBZ concentration in children. Received: 10 May 1997 / Accepted: 16 February 1998     

A concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the first and second hypervariable segments of the human mtDNA control region

A new and easily accessible concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the hypervariable segments of the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region has been constructed. The concordance indexes all population-specific mtDNA sequences in a standardized format. The first edition of the concordance includes 1,440 sequences representing 762 mtDNA types from over 65 populations for hypervariable region 1, and 520 sequences representing 260 mtDNA types from over 26 populations for hypervariable region 2. Investigators are invited to submit new sequences to the database, and details for doing so are given in the text.     

Systemic lupus erythematosus, 2nd ed. Edited by Robert G. Lahita. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1992, 1,022 pp. $189

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis provides a powerful means for screening the genome to map the location of disease genes, such as those for bipolar disorder (BP). As described in this paper, the population of the Central Valley of Costa Rica, which is descended from a small number of founders, should be suitable for LD mapping; this assertion is supported by reconstruction of extended haplotypes shared by distantly related individuals in this population suffering low-frequency hearing loss (LFHL1), which has previously been mapped by linkage analysis. A sampling strategy is described for applying LD methods to map genes for BP, and clinical and demographic characteristics of an initially collected sample are discussed. This sample will provide a complement to a previously collected set of Costa Rican BP families which is under investigation using standard linkage analysis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Anxiety disorders and neuroticism: Are there genetic factors specific to panic?

Data from 2,903 adult same-sex twin pairs were analysed to investigate whether the genetic determinants of symptoms of panic are different from those underlying the neuroticism personality trait. Our results suggest that much of the genetic variation influencing the physical symptoms associated with panic is of the nonadditive type, perhaps due to dominance or epistasis. In both sexes these nonadditive genetic effects on physical symptoms influence the reporting of "feelings of panic". In males they also account for as much as half the genetic variance in neuroticism. The remainder is additive and also accounts for the balance of genetic variation in "feelings of panic". In females genetic variance in neuroticism is entirely additive but is not an important source of covariation with either panic symptom. Thus, symptoms of panic seem to be shaped in part by unique genetic influences which do not affect other anxiety symptoms. That a substantial part of the genetic variance in neuroticism in males may be due to the nonadditive effects on physical symptoms of panic may help to explain the rather low correlation between the genetic influences found to affect neuroticism in males and their counterparts in females.     

不明原因散发性全面发育迟缓儿童遗传因素预测表的制订及临床应用

目的 通过分析散发性不明原因全面发育迟缓（GDD）患儿的临床特征,制订该类患儿的遗传因素风险预测表,以助于筛选需要进一步进行遗传学检测的患儿,缩短病因学诊断流程。方法 选取2019年6月—2022年6月在赣州市妇幼保健院儿童神经康复科就诊的散发性不明原因GDD患儿396例。依据基因测序结果将检测结果阳性的患儿归为阳性组（130例）,检测结果阴性的患儿归为阴性组（266例）。通过回顾性分析25项临床特征的组间差异,制订遗传因素风险预测表,并使用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估该量表预测患儿基因诊断阳性率的效能。结果 阳性组与阴性组患儿父亲高龄生育、MRI提示结构畸形、癫痫、毛发异常、头围异常、颅骨外观异常、皮肤异常、眼外观异常或畸形、鼻梁外观异常或畸形、耳廓畸形或耳位异常、下颌畸形、牙齿异常、出生低张力、非智力因素合并症比较,差异均有统计学意义（P <0.05）,依据综合筛选,将19个条目归类至双亲因素、异常面容、器官畸形、非智力因素合并症、异常头颅MRI改变5个项目作为最终量表条目,制订遗传因素风险预测表。ROC曲线结果提示量表曲线下面积为0.707,最佳截断值为3分,敏感性为6...     

用于杀虫剂评价的水池中无脊椎动物的群落结构及其种群动态

实验水池是评价杀虫剂效应和安全生的重要场所，水池中无脊椎动物群落结构和种群动态是评价杀虫剂的基础资料和考核指标，本文报告１９９２年至１９９３年在美国佛罗里达中部地区对应用于杀虫剂评价的实验水池中昆虫与其它无脊椎动物群落结构及其优势种的种群动态研究结果，用羽化诱捕、勺舀、网拉及挖取底物法，从实验水池中共采到昆虫与其它无脊椎动物５０余类，其中，羽化诱捕到的昆虫中摇蚊占９３．９％，蜉蝣目昆虫占４．６％，     

A twin study of ethanol metabolism

Blood alcohol measurements were obtained for 206 pairs of twins who had ingested a standard dose of alcohol (0.75 g/kg body weight) and repeat measurements were obtained for 40 of these pairs on a second occasion. The repeatability of the peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 0.66, that of the rate of elimination was 0.39, and that of the time to peak BAC was 0.27. Only a small portion of the nonrepeatable variance could be explained by measurement error or drinking experience. It is concluded that short-term environmental factors exercise considerable influence on alcohol metabolism, particularly in the absorption phase. All of the repeatable variance in peak BAC and rate of elimination was due to genetic factors. Only a small proportion of any of the genetic variance could be explained by individual differences in weight, adiposity, or lung function. Likewise, these three factors were unable to account for the fact that females had higher BACs than males during both absorption and elimination.This work was supported by a grant in aid from the Australian Associated Brewers.     

Sequence Analysis of the Washington/1964 Strain of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 (HPIV1) and Recovery and Characterization of Wild-Type Recombinant HPIV1 Produced by Reverse Genetics

A complete consensus sequence was determined for the genomic RNA of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) strain Washington/20993/1964 (HPIV1 WASH/64), a clinical isolate that previously was shown to be virulent in adults. The sequence exhibited a high degree of relatedness to both Sendai virus, a PIV1 virus recovered from mice, and human PIV3 (HPIV3) with regard to cis-acting regulatory regions and protein-coding sequences. This consensus sequence was used to generate a full-length antigenomic cDNA and to recover a recombinant wild-type HPIV1 (rHPIV1). Interestingly, the rHPIV1 could be rescued from full-length antigenomic rHPIV1 cDNA using HPIV3 support plasmids, HPIV1 support plasmids, or a mixture thereof. The replication of rHPIV1 in vitro and in the respiratory tract of hamsters was similar to that of its biologically derived parent virus. The similar biological properties of rHPIV1 and HPIV1 WASH/64 in vitro and in vivo, together with the previous demonstration of the virulence of this specific isolate in humans, authenticates the rHPIV1 sequence as that of a wild-type virus. This rHPIV1 can now be used to study the biological properties of HPIV1 and as a substrate to introduce attenuating mutations for the generation of live-attenuated HPIV1 vaccine candidates.An erratum to this article can be found at