Health promotion policies for elderly—Some comparisons across Germany,Italy, the Netherlands and Poland

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to compare health promotion policies (HPP) for older adults in four European countries: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. We focus on the design, regulations and implementation of policies in these countries.MethodAs policy relevant information is mostly available in national languages we have approached experts in each country. They filled in a specially designed questionnaire on the design, regulation and implementation of health promotion policies. To analyze the data collected via questionnaires, we use framework analyses. For each subject we define several themes.ResultsRegarding regulations, Poland and Italy have a top-down regulation system for health promotion policy. Germany and Netherlands have a mixed system of regulation. Regarding the scope of the policy, in all four countries both health promotion and prevention are included. Activities include promotion of a healthy life style and social inclusion measures. In Poland and Italy the implementation plans for policy measures are not clearly defined. Clear implementation plans and budgeting are available in Germany and the NetherlandsConclusionsIn all four countries there is no document that exclusively addresses health promotion policies for older adults. We also found that HPP for older adults appears to be gradually disappearing from the national agenda in all four countries.     

Examining how changes in provincial policy on vape marketing impacted the distribution of vaping advertisements near secondary schools in London,Ontario

ObjectivesOn January 1, 2020, the Government of Ontario passed a regulation banning vaping advertisements by retailers, apart from specialty shops. A motivation for this ban was to limit youth exposure to vaping advertisements. The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the impact of this ban on the number and density of vaping advertisements surrounding secondary schools. Additionally, we examined whether the number of vaping advertisements varied by school socio-demographic characteristics.MethodsThis study used a pre-post design. Audits were conducted December 2019 (pre-ban) and again January to February 2020 (post-ban), to identify vaping advertisements within 800 m surrounding secondary schools (n = 18) in London, Ontario.ResultsPrior to the ban, there were 266 vaping advertisements within 800 m of secondary schools. After the ban, this was reduced to 58, a 78.2% reduction. The mean number of vaping advertisements surrounding schools significantly decreased from 18.1 before the ban to 3.6 after the ban (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found, prior to the ban, between the number of vaping advertisements surrounding schools and school-level residential instability (r = 0.42, p = 0.02). After the ban, no significant correlations were found between the number of vaping advertisements and school socio-demographic characteristics.ConclusionThe provincial ban of vaping advertisements in select retail settings significantly reduced the number of vaping advertisements in the areas surrounding secondary schools in London, Ontario. The ban also reduced socio-demographic inequities in youths’ potential exposure to marketing of vaping products. Continued monitoring of the geographic accessibility and promotion of vaping products is warranted.     

A global agenda for older adult immunization in the COVID-19 era: A roadmap for action

Given our global interconnectedness, the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgency of building a global system that can support both routine and pandemic/epidemic adult immunization. As such, a framework to recommend vaccines and build robust platforms to deliver them to protect the rapidly expanding demographic of older adults is needed. Adult immunization as a strategy has the broad potential to preserve and improve medical, social, and economic outcomes, including maintaining functional ability that benefits older adults, their families, communities, and countries. While we will soon have multiple vaccines against COVID-19, we must recognize that we already have a variety of vaccines against other pathogens that can keep adults healthier. They can prevent simultaneous co-infection with COVID-19, and may favorably impact- the outcome of a COVID-19 illness. Further, administering a vaccine against COVID-19 requires planning now to determine delivery strategies impacting how older adults will be immunized in a timely manner. A group of international experts with various backgrounds from health and aging disciplines met to discuss the evidence case for adult immunization and crucial knowledge gaps that must be filled in order to implement effective policies and programs for older adult immunization. This group, coming together as the International Council on Adult Immunization (ICAI), outlined a high-level roadmap to catalyze action, provide policy guidance, and envision a global adult immunization platform that can be adapted by countries to fit their local contexts. Further meetings centered around the value of adult immunization, particularly in the context of COVID-19. There was agreement that programs to deliver existing influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster vaccines, and future COVID-19 vaccines to over a billion older adults who are at substantially higher risk of death and disability due to vaccine-preventable diseases are more urgent than ever before. Here we present a proposed framework for delivering routine and pandemic vaccines. We call upon the global community and governments to prioritize action for integrating robust adult immunization programs into the public health agenda.     

对我国卫生资源配置和使用几个深层次问题的思索

我国卫生资源既贫稼又浪费已成为内人士的共识,但又是一个我国卫生事业发展的实际而又紧迫的问题,这个问题不好,就会人为地降低我国卫生事业的公益性和福利性的“含金量”。作者认为,要使我国有限的卫生资源能充分而合理地使用好,就要立足于我国的基本国情,在确保市场的微观调节的前提下,必须运用政府的宏观调控行为和政策指导手段,尽可能为管理体制的改革扫除障碍和给予法制上的保障。     

医药分开核算分别管理改革的目标及政策选择

文章指出医药分开核算分别管理改革应确定两大目标：控制医药费过快上涨;逐步完善医疗机构补偿机制。提出应推行五大改革措施：控制药品收入;控制平均医疗、住院费用增长幅度;药品收入定比例上缴;大型医疗设备收费降低10％;强化药品采购管理。     

The emerging international policy agenda for reproductive health services in conflict settings

Over the past 20 years, shifts in the nature of conflict and the sheer numbers of civilians affected have given rise to increasing concern about providing appropriate health services in unstable settings. Concurrently, international health policy attention has focused on sexual and reproductive health issues and finding effective methods of addressing them. This article reviews the background to the promotion and development of reproductive health services for conflict-affected populations. It employs qualitative methods to analyse the development of policy at international level. First we examine the extent to which reproductive health is on the policy agendas of organisations active in humanitarian contexts. We then discuss why and how this has come about, and whether the issue has sufficient support to ensure effective implementation. Our findings demonstrate that reproductive health is clearly on the agenda for agencies working in these settings, as measured by a range of established criteria including the amount of new resources being attracted to this area and the number of meetings and publications devoted to this issue. There are, however, barriers to the full and effective implementation of reproductive health services. These barriers include the hesitation of some field-workers to prioritise reproductive health and the number and diversity of the organisations involved in implementation. The reasons for these barriers are discussed in order to highlight areas for action before effective reproductive health service provision to these populations can be ensured.     

对我国卫生资源配置和使用几个深层次问题的思索

我国卫生资源既贫乏又浪费已成为业内人士的共识,但又是一个困扰我国卫生事业发展的实际而又紧迫的问题,这个问题解决不好,就会人为无谓地降低我国卫生事业的公益性和福利性的“含金量”。,作者认为：要使我国有限的生效充分而合理利用,就要立足于我国的基本国情,在确保市场的微观调节的前提下,必须运用政府的宏观调控行为和政策指导手段,尽可能为管理体制的改革扫描障碍和给予法制保障。     

卫生体制改革的目标与政策选择--国际卫生体制改革的经验与教训

引入市场机制,采取分权、分级与分类管理等政策与措施是当今国际卫生体制改革中的主流特点,由于各个国家的社会经济体制与卫生保健制度不同,这些改革政策与措施所产生的影响与效果也各具特色.因此,在深化我国卫生体制改革的进程中,借鉴国际卫生体制改革的经验与教训具有一定的现实意义.     

基于VB6.0的虚拟脑电信号采集分析仪器

论述了虚拟仪器的概念和构成，以及VB6．0在虚拟仪器开发中的应用，并详细介绍了一个基于VB6．0开发利用虚拟仪器技术的脑电信号采集和分析仪器。     

关于民营医院发展的政策导向问题

公立医院的低效益以及与目前医疗需求不相适应的矛盾,致使政府不得不改变经营管理模式,进行医疗体制改革,同时给民营医院的准入,造作一个"自由"竞争的局面,以刺激公立医院的改革和发展.文章就目前的政策导向作了简要分析,从中看出政府政策目前还不是特别明朗,但总体趋势是要建立一个"公平"竞争的大环境.文章接着对民营医院的发展和政策导向作了进一步的讨论.