脑池内局部应用尼卡地平多聚体缓释微球治疗脑血管痉挛的实验研究

目的 研究脑池内注入NC -PLGA缓释微球对脑血管痉挛的治疗作用.方法 采用枕大池二次注血法制作兔蛛网膜下腔出血模型.分别采用脑池内注入NC -PLGA微球和尼卡地平的方法治疗脑血管痉挛.应用经颅多普勒技术测基底动脉的血流速度,脑血管造影测量基底动脉直径,光镜和电镜行病理检查,观察基底动脉的形态学变化,评价脑血管痉挛的严重程度.结果 脑池内注入NC - PLGA微球和尼卡地平都能降低基底动脉的血流速度(P＜0.01),基底动脉的直径明显升高(P＜0.01),并能明显改善血管壁的病理改变,但前者只需一次性注入后者总量的1/4既可达到同样的疗效.结论 经脑池内注入NC -PLGA缓释微球能明显减轻脑血管痉挛的严重程度,并可减轻痉挛血管壁的病理学变化.     

Duodenal levodopa/carbidopa infusion therapy in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease leads to improvement in caregivers’ stress and burden

Background: Continuous duodenal levodopa infusion (DLI) is an effective therapy that improves quality of life (QoL) in advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the impact of DLI on caregivers’ stress and burden has not been reported. Methods: We evaluated prospectively open‐label seven advanced PD patients (65.7 ± 9.6 years, 71.4% men) treated with DLI. Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS), 39‐item Parkinson’s disease QoL Questionnaire Summary Index score (PDQ‐39SI), Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZCBI), and Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) were used. Comparisons were made between scores obtained at baseline and those at a mean follow‐up of 31.4 ± 7.9 months (range, 23–42). Results: In patients, mean ± SD ADLS was increased from 50 ± 8.2 to 80 ± 11.6 (P = 0.014), and mean ± SD PDQ‐39SI was decreased from 53.7 ± 11.9 to 33.6 ± 12.8 (P = 0.018). In caregivers, ZCBI decreased from 43 ± 13.3 to 20.7 ± 12.1 (P = 0.018) and CSI from 6.3 ± 2.5 to 1.6 ± 0.9 (P = 0.018). At baseline, 57.1% of caregivers reported moderate to severe burden (ZCBI 41–88) compared to 28.6% at the end of the follow‐up (P = 0.015); at that time, no caregiver reported high level of stress (CSI ≥ 7) compared to 57.1% at baseline (P = 0.046). There were significant correlations between ZCBI and CSI improvement (r = 0.813, P = 0.026), ZCBI and PDQ‐39SI (r = 0.875, P = 0.01), and ZCBI and ADLS (r = 0.813, P = 0.026). Conclusions: Duodenal levodopa infusion‐related clinical improvement in patients with advanced PD leads to substantial reductions in caregivers’ stress and burden.     

The automated preprocessing pipe-line for the estimation of scale-wise entropy from EEG data (APPLESEED): Development and validation for use in pediatric populations

It is increasingly understood that moment-to-moment brain signal variability – traditionally modeled out of analyses as mere “noise” – serves a valuable functional role related to development, cognitive processing, and psychopathology. Multiscale entropy (MSE) – a measure of signal irregularity across temporal scales – is an increasingly popular analytic technique in human neuroscience calculated from time series such as electroencephalography (EEG) signals. MSE provides insight into the time-structure and (non)linearity of fluctuations in neural activity and network dynamics, capturing the brain’s moment-to-moment complexity as it operates on multiple time scales. MSE is emerging as a powerful predictor of developmental processes and outcomes. However, differences in data preprocessing and MSE computation make it challenging to compare results across studies. Here, we (1) provide an introduction to MSE for developmental researchers, (2) demonstrate the effect of preprocessing procedures on scale-wise entropy estimates, and (3) establish a standardized EEG preprocessing and entropy estimation pipeline that adapts a critical modification to the original MSE algorithm, and generates reliable scale-wise entropy estimates capable of differentiating developmental stages and cognitive states. This novel pipeline – the Automated Preprocessing Pipe-Line for the Estimation of Scale-wise Entropy from EEG Data (APPLESEED) is fully automated, customizable, and freely available for download from https://github.com/mhpuglia/APPLESEED.     

上肢再植过程中应用罗哌卡因微量泵持续输注硬膜外麻醉的评价

背景：不同麻醉和镇痛方法应用于上肢再植术各有优缺点,麻醉效果、生理功能的干扰和对疾病转归的影响是主要评价指标。 目的：探讨微量泵持续输注低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉用于上肢(掌、指)再植术的临床效果及安全性。 设计、时间及地点：自身前后对照观察,于2006-06/2008-06在石河子大学医学院第一附属医院麻醉科完成。 对象：石河子大学医学院第一附属医院27例行急诊断肢(掌、指)再植手术的患者27例,男19例,女8例;年龄26~53岁,均符合美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级标准Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,且对麻醉和术后镇痛方法知情同意。药物配方：10 g/L罗哌卡因20 mL+生理盐水40 mL,即得3.3 g/L罗哌卡因麻醉药液60 mL。 方法：全组采用颈部硬膜外麻醉。先同时按压∑键和FAST键快速输注8.0~10.0 mL,继而设定5~7 mL/h的速度恒速输注。每隔5 min以针刺法测定麻醉平面,直至达到手术要求开始手术。术中每隔1.0~2.0 h,静脉注射咪唑安定1.0~2.0 mg清醒镇静。术毕更换2 g/L罗哌卡因镇痛液, 4~6 mL/h速度持续输注术后镇痛两三天。 主要观察指标：术中监测心电图、血压、心率、呼吸频率、脉搏氧饱和度,并记录麻醉起效时间、镇痛效果、麻醉平面和运动神经阻滞程度;术后镇痛评分、48 h血压下降、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒等不良事件发生率。 结果：27例患者全部进入结果分析。①27例患者均取得满意麻醉效果;目测类比评分0分88.9%,1分7.4%,2分3.7%;麻醉起效时间(15.2±4.3) min;运动神经阻滞轻微,能配合手术要求,术中安静不动。②血压、心率持续输注期间波动轻微;脉搏氧饱和度(98±2)%,高于术前。呼吸频率(16.5±3.6)次/min,较术前缓慢。③术后镇痛效果满意率92.6%。 结论：①微量泵持续输注3.3 g/L罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉可以安全用于上肢(掌、指)再植术,麻醉效果满意,特别适用于手术时间冗长的复杂再植术。②2 g/L罗哌卡因持续输注便于术后镇痛,镇痛效果确切,不良事件发生率低。     

Plastic suction curette as uterine manipulator at combined laparoscopic sterilization: A prospective study of 531 cases

Objective?To determine the efficacy and safety of a plastic suction curette (PSC) as uterine manipulator during combined surgical abortion and laparoscopic sterilization.

Methods?This prospective observational study was conducted between January 1996 and December 2003 in a university teaching hospital and a district hospital. All cases of combined first trimester surgical abortion and laparoscopic sterilization were performed under general anaesthesia in the day surgery unit. A straight or curved PSC with a diameter of 7–12 mm was used for surgical abortion and, afterwards, to manipulate the uterus at laparoscopic sterilization. The negative pressure of 600 mmHg or ?80 kPa was maintained during manipulation. Any intra-operative trauma or difficulties in identifying the tubes and blood loss during sterilization were noted.

Results?A total of 531 cases of combined abortion and laparoscopic sterilization were performed. There was no failure to identify the tubes nor any uterine perforation; blood loss was minimal. No patient required hospital admission because of direct surgical complications.

Conclusion?The plastic suction curette is a safe and efficient uterine manipulator at combined laparoscopic sterilization procedure.     

Intravenous glucose infusion in labor does not affect maternal and fetal Acid—Base balance

Objective: This prospective randomized trial compares the effects of a 5% glucose solution or no infusion during labor on glucose levels, pH, pO₂, pCO₂, and base excess (BE) of normal pregnant women in early labor and at delivery, and on fetal cord blood.

Methods: Forty-three women were randomized to glucose infusion and 38 were controls.

Results: Starting glucose levels were independent from the fasting state. When no glucose supplementation was given, the labor itself was associated with a reduction of mean pH (from 7.42 to 7.36, P = 0.00001), mean pCO₂ (from 25.7 to 24.4 mm Hg, P = 0.04), and mean BE (from -6.3 to -9.8 mEq/L, P = 0.00001), and an increase of capillary glucose (from a mean of 83 to 105 mg/dL, P = 0.00001). Infusions of glucose did not significantly alter maternal acid–base balance at delivery. pH, pO₂, pCO₂, and BE were similar in arterial and venous cord blood of both groups. No variables correlated with cord blood glucose levels or with glucose vein–artery difference.

Conclusions: We conclude that a 5% glucose infusion does not significantly reduce maternal acidemia associated with vaginal delivery and therefore its use cannot be recommended, since maternal glucose is largely available during labor. Intrapartum glucose infusions do not alter the acid–base balance, when the fetus is well oxygenated.     

Continuous local bupivacaine wound infusion with neuraxial morphine reduces opioid consumption after cesarean delivery

Abstract

Background: As a part of a quality improvement program, maternal postoperative opioid use and pain scores were compared between those receiving continuous infusion of bupivacaine for local incisional pain control with multimodal pain management and neuraxial morphine versus multimodal pain management with neuraxial morphine alone.

Objective: We compared postoperative opioid use and pain scores between the multimodal pain management group with neuraxial morphine and the group receiving multimodal pain management, neuraxial morphine, and continuous infusion of bupivacaine for local incisional pain control.

Study design: A retrospective cohort analysis of cesarean deliveries from January of 2015 through March of 2016 was undertaken. Deliveries were grouped by utilization of continuous infusion of bupivacaine for local incisional pain control. For each postoperative day, the average daily opioid use, antiemetic use and pain scores were determined. Patients received 1–2 tablets oxycodone–acetaminophen (5–325?mg) every 4?h as needed with oxycodone 5–10?mg immediate release tablets every 4?h as needed for breakthrough pain in addition to acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Total dose of narcotic, antiemetic use, and pain scores was compared between groups utilizing t-test for continuous variables and chi square for categorical data. A linear mixed model with unstructured covariance was utilized to analyze the daily dose of narcotic and pain scores from postoperative day 1 through day 4.

Results: Patients in the standard multimodal group with neuraxial morphine used more opioids versus those receiving continuous wound infusion of bupivacaine in total postoperative dosing (122.79?±?61.92?mg versus 89.88?±?51.38?mg, p?=?.0063). There was a statistically significant difference between the standard group and local infusion of bupivacaine group on postoperative days 1 and 2 (32.79?±?15.56?mg versus 22.13?±?15.73?mg, p?=?.0011 and 40.25?±?19.84?mg versus 29.13?±?14.58?mg, p?=?.0018, respectively). There was no difference in narcotic use for postoperative days 3 and 4. There was a higher mean number of antiemetic doses in the standard group (0.31?±?0.70 versus 0.10?±?0.30, p?=?.0396). Pain scores did not differ between groups, although there was a correlation between opioid dosing and pain scores. The standard group received more IV ketorolac (87.72?±?42.01?mg versus 64.50?±?53.3?mg, p?=?.0165) and more IV acetaminophen (634.89?±?706.42?mg versus 375.0?±?490.29?mg, p =?.0315) within the first 24?h postoperatively. In addition, the standard group received more oral acetaminophen (6969.67?±?3230.14?mg versus 5248.75?±?2711.71?mg, p?=?.0064). No difference was seen in regard to ibuprofen between groups. These results remained constant when adjusted for differences in gestational age, variation in intraoperative opioid dosing, as well as differences in uterine incision type.

Conclusion: We found a significant reduction in postoperative opioid use when continuous infusion of bupivacaine for local incisional pain control was added to our standard pain management with neuraxial morphine after cesarean delivery. As a result of this quality improvement initiative, we have implemented this intervention universally as a part of our multimodal postoperative pain management strategy.     

复合型人工骨预制体在颌面骨缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨计算机辅助设计与制造（CAD／CAM）技术制作的复合型人工骨预制体在个性化颌面骨缺损修复中的临床应用价值。方法对6例颌面骨缺损的患者利用复合人工骨进行骨缺损修复,术前对颌面骨缺损部位进行螺旋cT扫描并三维重建,应用计算机辅助设计软件、计算机辅助制造快速成型机、复合人工骨材料及一系列的工序处理后制成三维颌面模型及个性化的颌面骨预制体．术中在模型指导下将颌面骨预制体精确定位与固定。其中3例并明显皮肤软组织缺损患者．则予同期或二期行皮肤软组织缺损的修复。结果全部颌面预制体术中能准确快速的就位及固定．无预制体断裂等发生,转移修复皮肤软组织缺损的皮瓣血运良好．除1例经口内切口患者术后部分伤口裂开予二期清创缝合后伤口愈合外,余伤口愈合良好。随访6个月至4年,无预制体移位、排斥等并发症发生,双侧颌面外形基本对称,外形满意。结论应用CAD／CAM制成的个性化复合材料颌面骨预制体能达到颌面骨缺损的精确重建．有效地解决植入体塑形困难．简化了手术程序及缩短手术时间．且并发症少,效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

Long-term safety and efficacy of apomorphine infusion in Parkinson's disease patients with persistent motor fluctuations: Results of the open-label phase of the TOLEDO study

IntroductionThe randomized, double-blind phase (DBP) of the TOLEDO study confirmed the efficacy of apomorphine infusion (APO) in reducing OFF time in PD patients with persistent motor fluctuations despite optimized oral/transdermal therapy. Here we report safety and efficacy results including the 52-week open-label phase (OLP).MethodsAll patients completing the 12-week DBP (including those switching early to open-label treatment) were offered OLP entry. The primary objective was the evaluation of long-term safety of APO.ResultsEighty-four patients entered the OLP (40 previously on APO, 44 on placebo) and 59 patients (70.2%) completed the study. The safety profile of APO was consistent with experience from extensive clinical use. Common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate infusion site nodules, somnolence and nausea. Fourteen (16.7%) patients discontinued the OLP due to AEs, those involving >1 patient were infusion site reactions (n = 4) and fatigue (n = 2); hemolytic anemia occurred in one case. Reduction in daily OFF time and improvement in ON time without troublesome dyskinesia were sustained for up to 64 weeks. Pooled data for week 64 (n = 55) showed a mean (SD) change from DBP baseline in daily OFF time of −3.66 (2.72) hours and in ON time without troublesome dyskinesia of 3.31 (3.12) hours. Mean (±SD) daily levodopa-equivalent dose decreased from DBP baseline to week 64 by 543 mg (±674) and levodopa dose by 273 mg (±515).ConclusionsThe safety and efficacy of APO infusion were demonstrated with long-term use for persistent motor fluctuations, allowing substantial reductions in oral PD medication.     

Prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in Parkinson's disease patients under different therapeutic regimens

BackgroundRecent reports suggest increased frequency of peripheral neuropathy (PN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients on levodopa compared with age-matched controls particularly during continuous levodopa delivery by intestinal infusion (CLDII). The aim of this study is to compare frequency, clinical features, and outcome of PN in PD patients undergoing different therapeutic regimens.MethodsThree groups of consecutive PD patients, 50 on intestinal levodopa (CLDII), 50 on oral levodopa (O-LD) and 50 on other dopaminergic treatment (ODT), were enrolled in this study to assess frequency of PN using clinical and neurophysiological parameters. A biochemical study of all PN patients was performed.ResultsFrequency of PN of no evident cause was 28% in CLDII, 20% in O-LD, and 6% in ODT patients. Clinically, 71% of CLDII patients and all O-LD and ODT PN patients displayed a subacute sensory PN. In contrast, 29% of CLDII patients presented acute motor PN. Levodopa daily dose, vitamin B12 (VB12) and homocysteine (hcy) levels differed significantly in patients with PN compared to patients without PN.ConclusionsOur findings support the relationship between levodopa and PN and confirm that an imbalance in VB12/hcy may be a key pathogenic factor. We suggest two different, possibly overlapping mechanisms of PN in patients on CDLII: axonal degeneration due to vitamin deficiency and inflammatory damage. Whether inflammatory damage is triggered by vitamin deficiency and/or by modifications in the intestinal micro-environment should be further explored. Proper vitamin supplementation may prevent peripheral damage in most cases.