Drawing the Boundaries: Exploring gender issues in young children's classifications of work using visual representations

This study examines young children's perceptions of work through a specific example. Reception class children at an inner city school were shown pictures of the same figure washing in four different contexts, ranging from housework to paid employment, in order to examine early classifications and conceptual systems relating to the concept of work and to ascertain whether these were gender related. Individual children varied in the complexity of their ideas, but the majority had not yet began to form hierarchical classifications of work which favour paid employment. There was evidence however that some children were beginning to devalue traditional women's work, suggesting that gender stereotypes are still prevalent amongst this age group, despite efforts by the educational system to counter this.     

Pathology of the lung in the fetus and neonate, with particular reference to problems of growth and maturation

The major forms of lung pathology in the perinatal period are reviewed with emphasis on disturbances of growth and maturation. Lung hypoplasia results from impairment in the physiological control of lung growth during the fetal period. It is more common than organogenetic defects which are discussed only briefly. Hyaline membrane disease is now seldom seen in a pure form due to improvements in perinatal care. However, its complications and sequelae such as interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are encountered more frequently. In addition, a wide variety of pathological processes may localize to, or be expressed in, the lung of the newborn, notably asphyxial changes, persistent pulmonary hypertension, haemorrhage and infection.     

An investigation of the neuropsychological profile in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS).

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is associated with deletions on the long arm of chromosome 22, mild intellectual disability, poor social interaction and a high prevalence of psychosis. However, to date there have been no studies investigating the neuropsychological functioning of adults with VCFS. We compared 19 adults with VCFS with 19 age, gender and IQ matched controls using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Compared to controls, adults with VCFS had significant impairments in visuoperceptual ability (Visual Object and Space Perception Battery), problem solving and planning (Tower of London) and abstract and social thinking (Comprehension WAIS-R). It is likely that haploinsufficiency (reduced gene dosage) of a neurodevelopmental gene or genes mapping to chromosome 22q11 underlies the cognitive deficits observed in individuals with VCFS.     

Two types of Na(+)-currents in cultured rat optic nerve astrocytes: changes with time in culture and with age of culture derivation.

Na+ channel expression was studied in cultures of rat optic nerve astrocytes using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings. Astrocytes from postnatal day 7 rat optic nerve (RON) expressed two distinct types of Na+ currents, which had significantly different h infinity curves. Stellate, GFAP+/A2B5+ astrocytes showed currents with h infinity curve midpoints close to -65 mV, similar to Na+ currents in most neurons. In contrast, flat fibroblast-like GFAP+/A2B5- astrocytes showed Na+ currents with h infinity midpoints around -85 mV, almost 20 mV more hyperpolarized than in neurons or A2B5+ astrocytes. Interestingly, Na+ current expression was maintained in A2B5+ astrocytes but began to decrease in A2B5- astrocytes after 6 days in vitro (DIV) and fell to or below the level of detection (i.e., 1 pA/pF) at 12 DIV. Astrocytes cultured from neonatal rats (P0) are almost exclusively GFAP+/A2B5-. These cells did not display measurable Na+ currents when studied at 2 DIV; however, Na+ current was observed after 5 DIV in A2B5- astrocytes from these neonatal (P0) cultures. These findings were substantiated by immunocytochemical experiments using 7493, an antibody raised against purified rat brain Na+ channels; in P0-derived astrocyte cultures 7493 antibody staining was initially lacking (up to 3 DIV), but it was prominent in cultures after 5 DIV, suggesting that Na+ current expression in RON astrocytes occurs postnatally.     

在大鼠大脑皮质发育过程中5—HT受体亚型的改变

５－ＨＴ灌流幼年组及成年组大鼠脑片。幼年组６６．７％额叶后部Ⅳ层神经元的兴奋性突触后电位（ＥＰＳＰ）幅度降低７３．９％，膜电位和膜电阻无变化；此作用为５－ＨＴ１β激动剂ＴＦＭＰＰ模拟，为５－ＨＴ１Ａ／１β拮抗剂ｐｉｎｄｏｌｏｌ阻抑；５－ＨＴ不降低低钙高镁液中谷氨酸钠的去极化反应。提示幼年期５－ＨＴ经突触前膜５－ＨＴ１β受体抑制突触传递。５－ＨＴ灌流使成年组６０．９％神经ＥＰＳＰ降低３６．２％，伴随     

Distribution of cytochrome oxidase and parvalbumin in the primary visual cortex of the adult and neonate monkey,Callithrix jacchus

The anatomical distributions of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase (CO) and of the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) were studied in the striate cortex of adult and neonate New World monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). In the adult marmoset, both proteins were found in laminar arrangements similar to those described for the macaque monkey, with prominent bands of PV-like immunoreactive (PV-LI) puncta in layers IV and IIIb, and fairly evenly distributed PV-LI nonpyramidal neurons. Furthermore, the pattern of CO activity in area 17 of the neonate marmoset was almost identical to the CO pattern described in neonate macaque and squirrel monkeys. It came, therefore, as a surprise to find that the adult pattern of PV-like immunoreactivity (PV-LI) in the marmoset striate cortex arises from a neonatal pattern strikingly different from that seen in any developmental stage of the macaque, or in any other mammal studied so far. In the deep layers IV through VI of the neonate marmoset, a large number of PV-LI neurons was stained in bandlike patterns, their number in layers IV and V exceeding the number of PV-LI neurons present in these layers of the adult marmoset area 17. Staining of layers IV and VI was restricted to area 17 and involved nonpyramidal cells and their exceeding the number of PV-LI neurons present in these layers of the adult marmoset area 17. Staining of layers IV and VI was restricted to area 17 and involved nonpyramidal cells and their processes. The stained band of layer V, in contrast, continued throughout most of the neocortex. In area 17, an estimated 10 to 20% of the stained cells in layer V exhibited pyramidal shapes. The findings show that the expression of PV by visual cortical cells occurs before birth and suggest that the comparatively early onset of PV expression is not dependent on the onset of textured vision. The exuberant number of stained cells in some layers, and particularly the staining of pyramidal cells, in the neonate marmoset, suggest that a considerable number of cells possesses the stainability for PV-LI only transiently, i.e., in the marmoset, these cells have a specific demand for parvalbumin during this phase of their development. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

引导科技干部保持医院发展转型期间和谐心态的着力点

当前部队医院正处于发展转型期，如何引导科技干部适应转型发展新形势，经受住各种考验，始终保持理性平和、协调平衡、积极向上的心理状态，是一个不容忽视的现实问题，也是事关医院内部和谐和医院建设发展又好又快的大事，更是我们思想政治工作者必须着力认真研究、加以解决的重要课题。     

Children's concepts and school learning

The apparently limited classroom application of theories of learning led to an emphasis on detailed observational studies of teachers in action which produced data concerning management and teaching techniques of more obvious use to practising teachers. However, it is argued here that research into children's conceptual development is an essential complement to this initiative. Such research demonstrates the range and quality of children's concepts in areas of learning central to the school curriculum; it describes techniques for disclosing children's concepts; and it identifies the developing pattern of children's thinking which can be used to good effect in arranging appropriate and challenging learning experiences. The importance of clarity of intentions in bringing a sense of purpose and direction to the activities of learning and teaching is also emphasized.     

Repression of the embryonic myosin heavy chain phenotype in regenerating chicken slow muscle is dependent on innervation.

Ventricular-like and fast myosin heavy chains (VL-MHC and FMHC) are transiently expressed during slow skeletal muscle development. The influence of innervation on repression of these MHC isoforms is investigated over an 84-day time course in: (1) normal anterior latissimus dorsi (N-ALD) muscles, (2) regenerating ALD (R-ALD) muscles, (3) denervated ALD (D-ALD) muscles, and (4) regenerating and denervated ALD (RD-ALD) muscles. Western blotting demonstrates that the VL-MHC is expressed in R-, D-, and RD-ALD muscles, but not in N-ALD muscles. Expression of the VL-MHC is transient in R-ALD muscles. In contrast, VL-MHC expression persists in RD-ALD muscles, and appears with time in D-ALD muscles. FMHC was not detected in N-ALD muscles by Western blotting. Two FMHCs are seen in R-ALD and RD-ALD muscles, and in 13-day embryonic ALD muscles. The slower migrating FMHC (FMHCA) comigrates with developmentally regulated FMHCs in fast pectoralis muscle, while the faster migrating FMHC (FMHCB) comigrates with the faster migrating FMHC in embryonic ALD muscle (13 days in ovo). FMHCB decreases in amount over the time course in R-ALD muscles, while FMHCA persists. In contrast, substantial levels of both FMHCs persist in RD-ALD muscles, and appear with time in D-ALD muscles. The cellular distribution of MHCs is followed by immunocytochemistry. Regenerating cells expressing VL-MHC and FMHC are replaced by a mature population in R-ALD muscles. Some of the mature myofibers in R-ALD muscles express FMHC, but not VL-MHC. In RD-ALD and D-ALD muscles, both regenerating and mature muscle cells are seen which express VL-MHC and FMHC. Our results indicate that innervation is required for the repression of VL-MHC and FMHCB during regeneration of slow muscle.