HW-Plan放射治疗计划系统的实验验证

本文采用辐射胶片结合指形电离室的测量方法,借鉴AAPM 51号报告的电离室测量方法和AAMP 55报告中对放射治疗计划系统验证的推荐标准,对本实验室新研发的HW-Plan放射治疗计划系统进行了实验验证,内容包括点剂量、轴向剂量分布曲线以及等剂量曲线的验证比较.实验采用方形水模和有机玻璃模体,通过CT扫描确定模体的电子密度和模拟靶点(测量位置),采用PTW电离室测量在三野交叉共面、等中心照射条件下等中心点和偏等中心点的照射剂量,采用Kodak EDR2辐射胶片测量该条件下靶区剂量场的相对分布,并与计划系统在相同照射条件下计算的剂量场进行了验证比较,实现了对HW-Plan放射治疗计划系统验证,为计划系统的市场准入和进入临床应用提供了可靠的依据.     

Comparison of liquid crystal versus cathode ray tube display for the detection of simulated chest lesions

The purpose of the study was to compare the detection performance of a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor versus a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor for simulated subtle pulmonary lesions. Ten templates containing simulated lung lesions were superimposed on an anthropomorphic chest phantom. Posteroanterior radiographs were obtained using flat panel technology and were displayed on a CRT and an LCD monitor. Image processing and reading conditions were equivalent for both softcopy displays. Five observers assessed lesion detectability using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) methodology. A multivariate test (Pillai trace) was used to test the significance of differences (P<0.05). The multivariate test revealed significantly different detection rates for the lesion types, but no significant difference between the two display modes. Detection performance for both monitors was higher for nodules and micro-nodules and lower for lines and patchy opacities. Analysis of lesion subgroups according to their location in lucent/obscured lung areas was also not statistically significant. Under ideal reading conditions, CRT and LCD displays perform equivalently for the detection of simulated subtle pulmonary lesions.     

Impact of dose reduction and the use of an advanced model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm on spectral performance of a dual-source CT system: A task-based image quality assessment

PurposeTo assess the impact of dose reduction and the use of an advanced modeled iterative reconstruction algorithm (ADMIRE) on image quality in low-energy monochromatic images from a dual-source dual energy computed tomography CT (DSCT) platform.Materials and methodsAcquisitions on an image-quality phantom were performed using DSCT equipment with 100/Sn150 kVp for four dose levels (CTDI_vol: 20/11/8/5mGy). Raw data were reconstructed for six energy levels (40/50/60/70/80/100 keV) using filtered back projection and two levels of ADMIRE (A3/A5). Noise power spectrum (NPS) and task-based transfer function (TTF) were calculated on virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs). Detectability index (d′) was computed to model the detection task of two enhanced iodine lesions as function of keV.ResultsNoise-magnitude was significantly reduced between 40 to 70 keV by ?56 ± 0% (SD) (range: ?56%–?55%) with FBP; ?56 ± 0% (SD) (?56%–?56%) with A3; and ?57 ± 1% (SD) (range: ?57%–?56%) with A5. The average spatial frequency of the NPS peaked at 70 keV and decreased as ADMIRE level increased. TTF values at 50% were greatest at 40 keV and shifted towards lower frequencies as the keV increased. The detectability of both lesions increased with increasing dose level and ADMIRE level. For the simulated lesion with iodine at 2 mg/mL, d’ values peaked at 70 keV for all reconstruction types, except for A3 at 20 mGy and A5 at 11 and 20 mGy, where d’ peaked at 60 keV. For the other simulated lesion, d’ values were highest at 40 keV and decreased beyond.ConclusionAt low keV on VMIs, this study confirms that iterative reconstruction reduces the noise magnitude, improves the spatial resolution and increases the detectability of enhanced iodine lesions.     

Development and characterization of an anthropomorphic breast phantom for permanent breast seed implant brachytherapy credentialing

PurposeTo develop an anthropomorphic breast phantom for use in credentialing of permanent breast seed implant brachytherapy.Methods and MaterialsA representative external contour and target volume was used as the basis of mold manufacturing for anthropomorphic breast phantom development. Both target and normal tissue were composed of gel-like materials that provide suitable computed tomography and ultrasound contrast for brachytherapy delivery. The phantoms were evaluated for consistency in construction (target location) and Hounsfield unit (computed tomography contrast). For both target and normal tissue, the speed of sound was measured and compared to the image reconstruction algorithm's expectation value. Five phantoms were imaged preimplant and postimplant to assess interphantom similarity as well as to evaluate the uncertainty in quantifying seed position.ResultsThe average Hounsfield units of the target and normal tissue gels is −146 ± 5 and 23 ± 1, respectively. The average speed of sound of the target and normal tissue gels is 1485 ± 7 m/s and 1558 ± 9 m/s, respectively, resulting in an estimated 0.4 mm uncertainty in image guidance. The registration/deformation uncertainty was determined to be 0.8 mm. The standard combined uncertainty in assessing seed position spatial accuracy, also including a 0.9 mm estimate based on literature for seed localization, is estimated to be 1.3 mm.ConclusionsThe development of the anthropomorphic breast phantom and evaluation of both the consistency as well as overall seed position uncertainty illustrates the suitability of this phantom for use in brachytherapy end-to-end delivery and implant accuracy evaluation. When evaluating a user's implant accuracy, we estimate a standard combined uncertainty of 1.3 mm.     

Automated measurement of lymph nodes: a phantom study

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of automated nodal quantification in a phantom. MDCT of a phantom with 17 synthetic lymph nodes of different sizes (diameter 6.0–30.0 mm) was performed at varying tube currents, reconstruction kernels and slice thicknesses. RECIST diameter and volume were measured using an automated software tool. Results were compared with the reference diameter and volume by calculating the absolute percentage error (APE). Degree of agreement between software and reference measurements was evaluated by computing corresponding concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Under varying tube currents the mean APE (CCC) varied between 5.18% and 10.12% (0.95–0.99) for RECIST diameter and between 7.22% and 16.21% (0.94–1.00) for the volume. At different reconstruction kernels the mean APE values ranged between 7.20% and 7.55% (0.99) (RECIST) and between 8.96% and 14.42% (1.00) (volume). With different slice thicknesses the mean APE values differed from 5.81% to 9.20% (0.97–0.99) (RECIST) and from 8.16% to 22.66% (0.99–1.00) (volume). Regarding RECIST criteria and volume, automated evaluation of lymph nodes in a phantom demonstrated a high accuracy under varying MDCT parameters.     

利用3D打印颅脑辐射等效体模进行个性化适形放疗的剂量验证

目的 建立利用3D打印颅脑辐射等效体模对患者进行个性化放疗剂量验证的方法,为三维适形放射治疗安全提供一种可靠的剂量保证手段。方法 采集两例患者（患者1和患者2）的CT图像数据,基于患者1的图像数据,重建其颅骨与脑组织,制作颅脑体模,验证颅骨与脑组织的等效材料。基于患者2的图像数据,根据3D图像重建并选用组织等效材料重建完全的头颅结构,采用3D打印技术制作全头颅体模。通过对目标区域插入电离室剂量仪并行放射治疗方案,获得头颅体模病灶部的剂量,验证和校准实际放疗计划的安全性。结果 对所获两个体模分别进行DR、CT成像,颅脑体模的等效骨骼与患者1骨骼的X射线灰度值差异为13 721,颅脑体模的等效脑组织与患者1的脑组织的CT值差异为35~40 HU,全头颅体模等效颞肌与患者2的颞肌组织的CT值差异为18~28 HU,影像数据表明体模材质的辐射等效性与人体组织近似,并且等效剂量分布符合常规治疗范围,体模的剂量验证可以有效验证放疗计划系统的准确性。结论 基于3D打印和组织等效技术所设计的个性化放疗体模,可应用于个性化放射治疗验证。体模制作方法简单快速,个性化程度高,为三维适形放射治疗安全提供一种可靠的剂量保证手段。     

深度学习重建算法在腹部CT成像中应用的体模研究

目的 探讨不同辐射剂量下深度学习图像重建算法（DLIR）相对于常规迭代重建算法（ASIR-V）对腹部体模CT图像质量的改善价值。方法 根据管电压设置100 kV组与120 kV组,每组按照容积剂量指数（CTDI_vol）不同（2、4、6、8、10、15 mGy）分为6组进行常规扫描,获得基于滤波反投影（FBP）算法的CT图像,并使用不同权重迭代重建算法（ASIR-V 50%、80%、100%）及不同等级深度学习重建算法（DLIR-L、DLIR-M、DLIR-H）进行图像重建,共获得84组图像。对比分析不同重建方式下各CTDI_vol组图像各部位CT值、噪声、信噪比（SNR）、对比噪声比（CNR）及主观评分的变化规律。图像质量主观评分比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,客观指标和辐射剂量比较采用单因素方差分析及配对样本t检验。结果 同一管电压下,各CTDI_vol组不同重建条件下各部位的噪声、SNR、CNR差异均有统计学意义（F=415.39、315.30,P<0.001）,且ASIR-V 50%与DLIR-L图像的噪声、SNR、CNR差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;主观评分之间差异均有统计学意义（100 kV组：H=13.47,P=0.036;120 kV组：H=12.99,P=0.043）,且两名医师的主观评分一致性较高（Kappa>0.70）,其中DLIR-H图像质量评分最高,DLIR-M与ASIR-V 50%图像质量主观评分基本一致;100 kV组图像质量主观评分整体较120 kV略高。以CTDI_vol为15 mGy组ASIR-V 50%图像作为参照,在满足诊断需求的前提下,低中高等级的DLIR可以分别降低辐射剂量超过30%、70%、85%。结论 DLIR算法不仅能够显著降低图像噪声、提高图像质量,而且可以在满足诊断需求的前提下有效降低辐射剂量;推荐临床应用100 kV结合中、高等级DLIR行腹部低剂量CT扫描。     

脊髓损伤后的肢体幻像现象

目的对脊髓损伤后的肢体幻像现象进行临床分析,并对其发生机理进行探讨。方法通过对２８例脊髓损伤患者６～３６个月的随访,对脊髓损伤后肢体幻像的类型、性质、出现和消失时间、伤后意识障碍的有无与肢体幻像的关系等进行了分析研究。结果根据患者对麻痹肢体感觉的不同,肢体幻像可分为位置幻像和截肢幻觉两种类型。大部分肢体幻像发生于损伤初期,多在伤后半年内消失。肢体幻像的发生与伤后意识障碍之间没有明显的相关性。结论脊髓损伤后肢体幻像现象的发生可能是由于末梢神经向中枢神经传导中断而引发的异常神经活动所致。肢体幻像是一种可以随着视觉信息的不断输入而得到修正,可以自行消失的现象。     

PET的成像质量、衰减和散射校正精度测试

目的：应用NEMA NU2-2001标准测试PET／CT的PET成像质量、衰减和散射校正精度性能指标。方法：采用NEMA IEC／2001PET人体体部模型，按照NEMA标准的测试方法，对PET成像质量和衰减和散射校正精度指标进行测试。结果：衰减和散射校正的精确性相对误差为0．25（n=4）和0．25（n=8）。结论：模型备置和测试数据分析处理比较复杂，严格按照放射活度比制备模型，认真仔细、甚至多次重复处理测试数据，该项测试才能获得准确结果。