Indirect and direct relations between aerobic fitness,physical activity,and academic achievement in elementary school students

BackgroundThere is evidence to suggest that increasing physical activity (PA) improves academic achievement (AA) in children and that aerobic fitness is associated with both cognitive function and AA. However, it is not known how these variables are interrelated and analyses with adequate control for socioeconomic variables are needed. It was hypothesized that PA would not directly affect AA but would have an indirect effect on AA through its effect on aerobic fitness. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesized mediation using path analysis.MethodsCross-sectional data including AA, aerobic fitness, and daily PA assessed through accelerometry were collected from a large sample (N = 687) of 2nd and 3rd grade students. Demographic data were assessed via parent self-report.ResultsA total of 401 students wore the accelerometer for at least 10 h on 3 days or more and were included in the final path analysis to evaluate potential relations among PA (predictor), aerobic fitness (mediator), and WIAT-III subtest standard scores (outcomes; i.e., reading, spelling, and mathematics). Findings showed a direct effect of PA on aerobic fitness (b = .009, p < .001) and an indirect effect (mediation) of PA via fitness on math achievement (b = .003, p < .01) after controlling for student's grade, gender, body mass index, mother's education level, and household income, as well as intraclass correlations among classes and schools. Neither PA nor aerobic fitness were correlated with WIAT-III reading or spelling scores.ConclusionsMediation analysis indicated that PA exerted an influence on math achievement through its effects on aerobic fitness but was not associated with reading or spelling achievement scores.     

医药卫生类高职院校学长制实施困境和路径探析

随着高等教育不断发展,现代大学管理制度和治理体系的构建亟待改进传统学生垂直型管理模式。学长制因具有学生朋辈群体之间交流的亲和性、引领性、透明性的优势,其若能有效开展将填补医学高职院校学生管理工作横向的空白,有助于实现学生管理模式从垂直型到立体复合型的转变。在医学高职院校内实施学长制学生管理模式需要在创新、选拔、培训、考核以及拓展学长制使用空间上下功夫,才能实现学长制学生管理模式的功能价值,使实施后的思想政治教育实效提升,校园更加和谐。     

路径式管理提高护理质量控制效率的效果观察

目的：观察应用路径式管理在临床的护理质量中的应用效果。方法选取2010年2月-2012年12月期间该院实施常规护理管理方法的40例护士作为对照组,选取2013年1月-2015年1月期间该院实施路径式管理方法后的50例护士作为研究组,观察比较两组患者在护理质量(包括基础护理、心理护理以及护理操作等)、护理知识掌握情况、护理投诉率以及患者对护理人员的满意度等情况。结果经过调查结果显示,研究组基础护理、心理护理以及护理操作等护理质量和护理知识的掌握情况均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组护理人员的护理满意度94%高于对照组77.5%,投诉率2%低于对照组12.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用路径式管理在临床的护理质量中可以提高护理质量,加强护理知识的掌握,降低护理投诉率,提高医院整体的护理水平。     

临床路径对冠心病并2型糖尿病患者实施干预的研究

目的应用临床路径对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者实施干预的效果研究。方法选择我院60例冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者分为两组,观察组给予临床路径干预,对照组给予常规治疗。评测两组患者心功能改善情况和血糖控制情况。结果观察组心功能改善、空腹血糖、餐后血糖和糖化血红蛋白都优于对照组。结论临床路径改善了患者的心功能和血糖控制情况,满足了患者的健康需求,增进了医患关系。     

临床路径干预糖尿病患者自我效能感和糖尿病控制情况临床研究

目的探讨临床路径对糖尿病患者自我效能感的影响。方法选择本院80例门诊糖尿病患者分为两组,观察组实施临床路径干预,评测两组患者自我效能感和糖尿病控制情况。结果观察组自我效能感、空腹血糖、餐后血糖和糖化血红蛋白控制方面都优于对照组。结论临床路径提高了患者的自我管理能力,改善了患者的糖尿病控制情况,满足了患者的健康需求,增进了医患关系,是患者易于接受的一种诊疗模式。     

Mediational Analysis in HIV/AIDS Research: Estimating Multivariate Path Analytic Models in a Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Mediational analyses have been recognized as useful in answering two broad questions that arise in HIV/AIDS research, those of theoretical model testing and of the effectiveness of multicomponent interventions. This article serves as a primer for those wishing to use mediation techniques in their own research, with a specific focus on mediation applied in the context of path analysis within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Mediational analyses and the SEM framework are reviewed at a general level, followed by a discussion of the techniques as applied to complex research designs, such as models with multiple mediators, multilevel or longitudinal data, categorical outcomes, and problematic data (e.g., missing data, nonnormally distributed variables). Issues of statistical power and of testing the significance of the mediated effect are also discussed. Concrete examples that include computer syntax and output are provided to demonstrate the application of these techniques to testing a theoretical model and to the evaluation of a multicomponent intervention.     

Classification of navigation impairment: A systematic review of neuropsychological case studies

The neurocognitive architecture of navigation ability has been investigated by extensively studying the navigation problems of individual neurological patients. These neuropsychological case reports have applied highly variable approaches to establish navigation impairment in their patients. This review provides a systematic and up-to-date inventory of all relevant case studies and presents an analysis of the types of navigation impairments that have been described. The systematic literature search revealed 58 relevant papers reporting on 67 neurological patients. Close analysis of their patterns of navigation performance suggests three main categories of navigation impairments. These categories are related to three types of representations that are considered highly relevant for accurate navigation: knowledge of landmarks, locations, and paths. The resulting model is intended to serve both clinical and theoretical advances in the study of navigation ability and its neural correlates.     

Open Parallel Cooperative and Competitive Decision Processes: A Potential Provenance for Quantum Probability Decision Models

In recent years quantum probability models have been used to explain many aspects of human decision making, and as such quantum models have been considered a viable alternative to Bayesian models based on classical probability. One criticism that is often leveled at both kinds of models is that they lack a clear interpretation in terms of psychological mechanisms. In this paper we discuss the mechanistic underpinnings of a quantum walk model of human decision making and response time. The quantum walk model is compared to standard sequential sampling models, and the architectural assumptions of both are considered. In particular, we show that the quantum model has a natural interpretation in terms of a cognitive architecture that is both massively parallel and involves both co‐operative (excitatory) and competitive (inhibitory) interactions between units. Additionally, we introduce a family of models that includes aspects of the classical and quantum walk models.     

托管模式下医联体基层人才培养路径体验与思考

[摘要]目的探讨托管模式下医联体内基层人才培养的有效路径。方法采用质性研究的深度访谈法,对北京一家托管模式下医联体单位的12名管理者及业务骨干进行访谈。结果提炼出三个主题:求贤若渴,被托管院的人力资源现状;拨云见日,人才培养方向及内容渐清晰;因需而生,人才培养形式多样化。结论在人才培养方向、内容及方式上建立了有效的人才培养路径;为建立人才培养长效机制,应加强政策支持,同时需关注教学风险,以保障患者的安全。     

药学教育转型发展与药师型人才培养体系建设的研究与实践

加快构建全新的"以患者为中心"的药学人才培养体系,强化服务"健康中国"的药师型人才培养,是推动药学教育转型发展的必由之路。本文建议从顶层设计上扭转药学教育长期以来重"药品"不重"患者"的取向,使"懂医精药、医药深度结合"的主旨贯穿药师型人才培养全过程,建立"两主线、三阶段"实践教学体系,实现教育链、人才链与全方位全周期健康链有机衔接等可能路径,同时,通过建立国家标准、推动专业认证,发挥纽带作用、提升公众认知,搭建国内外合作平台、建立对外开放体系等措施,保证药师型人才培养质量。