肺泡蛋白沉积症11例临床分析

目的探讨肺泡蛋白沉积症（PAP）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析11例确诊的PAP患者。比较支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）及全肺灌洗前后血气分析、肺功能及影像学变化。结果11例患者均为隐匿起病,主要症状和体征：咳嗽（11例）,咳痰（11例）,进行性呼吸困难（9例）;8例测定血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的患者中,有4例血清LDH增高;6例患者经肺功能测定,5例表现为限制性通气功能障碍及弥散功能下降,部分患者表现为呼吸衰竭;9例患者的CT表现：7例为双肺弥漫性分布片状磨玻璃样影,1例主要表现为双肺网状纤维条索影,仅有少量片状磨玻璃样,另有1例表现为两肺弥漫分布的斑点状影伴少量网状纤维条索影;肺灌洗后大部分患者临床症状和影像表现有所改善。用力肺活量（FVC）由（67．75±18．21）％提高到（77．06±19．37）％,P〉0．05;DLCO由（53．95±22．11）％提高到（59．98±11．76）％,P〉0．05。结论CT扫描有助于早期诊断PAP,肺灌洗可以改善患者的症状影像表现。     

Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients

We attempt to review the safety assessment of personal care products (PCP) and ingredients that are representative and pose complex safety issues. PCP are generally applied to human skin and mainly produce local exposure, although skin penetration or use in the oral cavity, on the face, lips, eyes and mucosa may also produce human systemic exposure. In the EU, US and Japan, the safety of PCP is regulated under cosmetic and/or drug regulations. Oxidative hair dyes contain arylamines, the most chemically reactive ingredients of PCP. Although arylamines have an allergic potential, taking into account the high number of consumers exposed, the incidence and prevalence of hair dye allergy appears to be low and stable. A recent (2001) epidemiology study suggested an association of oxidative hair dye use and increased bladder cancer risk in consumers, although this was not confirmed by subsequent or previous epidemiologic investigations. The results of genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies suggest that modern hair dyes and their ingredients pose no genotoxic, carcinogenic or reproductive risk. Recent reports suggest that arylamines contained in oxidative hair dyes are N-acetylated in human or mammalian skin resulting in systemic exposure to traces of detoxified, i.e. non-genotoxic, metabolites, whereas human hepatocytes were unable to transform hair dye arylamines to potentially carcinogenic metabolites. An expert panel of the International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is no evidence for a causal association of hair dye exposure with an elevated cancer risk in consumers. Ultraviolet filters have important benefits by protecting the consumer against adverse effects of UV radiation; these substances undergo a stringent safety evaluation under current international regulations prior to their marketing. Concerns were also raised about the safety of solid nanoparticles in PCP, mainly TiO₂ and ZnO in sunscreens. However, current evidence suggests that these particles are non-toxic, do not penetrate into or through normal or compromised human skin and, therefore, pose no risk to human health. The increasing use of natural plant ingredients in personal care products raised new safety issues that require novel approaches to their safety evaluation similar to those of plant-derived food ingredients. For example, the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a promising tool to assess the safety of substances present at trace levels as well as minor ingredients of plant-derived substances. The potential human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients is increasingly estimated on the basis of in vitro skin penetration data. However, new evidence suggests that the in vitro test may overestimate human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients due to the absence of metabolism in cadaver skin or misclassification of skin residues that, in vivo, remain in the stratum corneum or hair follicle openings, i.e. outside the living skin. Overall, today's safety assessment of PCP and their ingredients is not only based on science, but also on their respective regulatory status as well as other issues, such as the ethics of animal testing. Nevertheless, the record shows that today's PCP are safe and offer multiple benefits to quality of life and health of the consumer. In the interest of all stakeholders, consumers, regulatory bodies and producers, there is an urgent need for an international harmonization on the status and safety requirements of these products and their ingredients.     

Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles

Nanoparticle technologies are significantly impacting the development of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. At the intersection between treatment and diagnosis, interest has grown in combining both paradigms into clinically effective formulations. This concept, recently coined as theranostics, is highly relevant to agents that target molecular biomarkers of disease and is expected to contribute to personalized medicine. Here we review state-of-the-art nanoparticles from a therapeutic and a diagnostic perspective and discuss challenges in bringing these fields together. Major classes of nanoparticles include, drug conjugates and complexes, dendrimers, vesicles, micelles, core-shell particles, microbubbles, and carbon nanotubes. Most of these formulations have been described as carriers of either drugs or contrast agents. To observe these formulations and their interactions with disease, a variety of contrast agents have been used, including optically active small molecules, metals and metal oxides, ultrasonic contrast agents, and radionuclides. The opportunity to rapidly assess and adjust treatment to the needs of the individual offers potential advantages that will spur the development of theranostic agents.     

纤维支气管镜在大容量肺灌洗术麻醉中的应用

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜在大容量全肺灌洗(WLL)手术中的应用价值.方法:200例0+～Ⅱ期尘肺和肺泡蛋白沉积症患者先用传统方法判定两肺分隔后,再经纤维支气管镜验证双腔管对位情况,然后实施WLL.结果:经纤维支气管镜验证后,所有WLL手术均获得成功.但传统方法的双肺分隔判定结果中有54%的对位不准.结论:纤维支气管镜的应用,提高了WLL中双腔管对位的准确性,提高了WLL麻醉成功率,提升了WLL的安全.