Ondansetron and seizures

Experimental studies suggest that 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) receptors play a role in epileptogenesis and seizure propagation. Ondansetron, a 5‐HT₃ receptor antagonist, has been reported to have proconvulsant and anticonvulsant effects in animals. We describe three patients who developed seizures after receiving ondansetron. There were two females and one male. Ages ranged from 38–56 years. None had a previous or family history of seizures. Four milligrams (mg) of ondansetron was given intravenously for severe nausea and vomiting in association with migraine, gastritis, and diabetic ketoacidosis. A generalized tonic–clonic seizure occurred in each patient—12, 15, and 22 min after injection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) were normal in all patients. Although no antiepileptic drugs were given, none had seizure recurrence subsequently. The temporal relationship between ondansetron administration and seizures, lack of EEG or MRI abnormalities, and absence of seizure recurrence suggest that the seizures were causally related to ondansetron in our patients.     

昂丹司琼与格拉司琼预防心脏手术后恶心呕吐的随机对照研究

目的 探讨预防心脏手术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的方法,对比研究昂丹司琼和格拉司琼对心脏PONV的影响.方法 选择气管内插管全身麻醉下行心脏手术的患者90例,随机分成三组,每组各30例.以双盲方式按下述方法给药:Ⅰ组麻醉诱导前静脉注射昂丹司琼4 mg(溶于0.9%NaCl溶液加ml);Ⅱ组麻醉诱导前静脉注射格拉司琼3 mg(溶于0.9%NaCl溶液20 ml);Ⅲ组麻醉诱导前静脉注射0.9%NaCl溶液20 ml.术后12、24 h观察记录患者的PONV程度并进行比较.结果 Ⅰ组术后12 h PONV发生率为20.0%(6/30),术后24 h发生率为26.7%(8/30);Ⅱ组术后12 hPONV发生率为20.0%(6/30),术后24 h发生率为23.3%(7/30);Ⅲ组术后12 h PONV发生率为72.4%(21/29),术后24 h发生率为79.3%(23/29).Ⅰ、Ⅱ组术后12、24 hPONV发生率显著低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 昂丹司琼和格拉司琼对预防心脏PONV均有较好效果,均能有效地降低心脏PONV的发生率,利于患者恢复.     

昂丹司琼对蛛网膜下腔使用吗啡导致的皮肤瘙痒的预防作用

目的:本随机、双盲、对照、前瞻研究的目的旨在了解昂丹司琼对蛛网膜下腔使用吗啡导致的皮肤瘙痒是否具有预防作用。方法选择70例拟在腰麻下行开腹全宫切除术或子宫肌瘤剔除术的ASAI-II级成年患者,分为2组:昂丹司琼组(O组)患者于腰麻前30分钟给予静脉注射昂丹司琼4mg;对照组(C组)患者在相同时间点静脉注射等体积生理盐水。于患者到达恢复室、术后2、4、8及24小时评价患者的皮肤瘙痒程度、静息VAS评分,并在两组之间进行比较,p<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:O组患者术后皮肤瘙痒总发生率及术后8h之内的各记录时间点的皮肤瘙痒程度显著低于C组患者(P<0.01)。严重的,需要药物治疗的皮肤瘙痒只发生于C组患者(11%)。两组患者术后各观察时间点的VAS评分之和无显著差异。结论:给予蛛网膜下腔应用吗啡的患者预先使用昂丹司琼可有效的降低术后皮肤瘙痒的发生率和严重程度,同时并未影响蛛网膜下腔应用吗啡的镇痛效果。     

Tropisetron, ondansetron, and granisetron for control of chemotherapy-induced emesis in Turkish cancer patients: a comparison of efficacy, side-effect profile, and cost

Background: Tropisetron, ondansetron, and granisetron are considered equally efficacious, supported by several international studies. However, there are interindividual variations in their metabolism that could affect efficacy. The clustering of such variations may change from one to another nation. Therefore, their equality must be validated in Turkish patients. The aim of this study was to compare their efficacies, side-effect profiles, and costs in the prophylaxis of emesis induced by moderate to high emetogenic chemotherapies. Methods: A total of 158 patients with a median age of 48 years, 115 (72.8 percent) female and 43 (27.2 percent) male, were included, respectively. Fifty-one, 61, and 46 patients were allocated to tropisetron (5 mg), ondansetron (8 mg), and granisetron (3 mg IV) in combination with 8 mg dexamethasone, which were continued 5 mg once a day, 8 mg b.i.d. and 1 mg b.i.d. PO for 5 days, respectively. Results: The complete response (CR) rates in the control of acute emesis were 80.4 percent with tropisetron, 72.1 percent with ondansetron, and 71.7 percent granisetron (p = 0.877). CR rates in delayed emesis (Days 2-5) were 68.6 percent, 68.9 percent, and 76.1 percent, respectively (p = 0.527). Rates of freedom from nausea in the same period were 37.3 percent, 35.9 percent, and 33.9 percent (p = 0.949). Nausea control rates, side-effect profile did not differ. However, headache seemed to be encountered higher (45.6 percent) in Turkish patients than others (3.9-9 percent). Tropisetron is the least expensive one ($95.3 per cycle) according to current prices in Turkey. Conclusions: There were no differences among the 3 serotonin antagonists with respect to efficacy and frequency of side-effects in our patients. Tropisetron is the least expensive at current prices. The choice may be based on other parameters, such as ease of administration and patient preference.     

昂丹司琼、格拉司琼和帕洛诺司琼预防食管癌术后化疗所致恶心、呕吐的效果观察

目的 比较昂丹司琼、格拉司琼和帕洛诺司琼预防食管癌术后化疗所致恶心、呕吐的临床效果及安全性.方法 将60例食管癌术后患者随机分为昂丹司琼组、格拉司琼组和帕洛诺司琼组,各20例,均行顺铂等药物化疗,并分别给予昂丹司琼、格拉司琼和帕洛诺司琼预防恶心、呕吐反应;观察3组患者恶心、呕吐的控制效果及不良反应.结果 昂丹司琼组、格拉司琼组和帕洛诺司琼组患者恶心、呕吐控制急性期有效率分别为55％、60％、75％,帕洛诺司琼组与其他两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;延迟期有效率分别为40％、45％、75％,帕洛诺司琼组与其他两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 帕洛诺司琼预防化疗所致恶心、呕吐效果较昂丹司琼、格拉司琼更优,安全性相似,且临床应用方便.     

昂丹司琼预防术后舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛引起恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的观察昂丹司琼预防舒术后舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)引起恶心呕吐的效果观察。方法选择在腰麻与硬膜外联合麻醉下行开腹妇科手术患者120例,随机分为两组:每组60例。A组:昂丹司琼4mg,B组为生理盐水4ml,分别加入PCEA药盒注入硬膜外间隙。术后舒芬太尼PCEA镇痛,PCEA药液为舒芬太尼100ug,罗派卡因75mg,加生理盐水至100ml,观察两组术后48h内的镇痛效果及恶心呕吐的发生率。结果两组患者术后镇痛效果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)两组患者术后48h内恶心呕吐发生率A组显著低于B组。恶心8例(13.3%)B组16例(26.7%);呕吐:A组3例(5.0%)B组18例(30.0%)(P〈0.05或P〈0.01),差异有统计学意义。结论昂丹司琼能够安全有效地减少硬膜外舒芬太尼术后镇痛引起的恶心呕吐。     

不同剂量地塞米松对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者术后恶心呕吐预防效果的临床观察

目的探讨地塞米松预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的效果,并寻找应用地塞米松的最小有效剂量。方法选择150例患者,随机分为5组(n=30)。分别于麻醉诱导前即刻静脉注射地塞米松0.05mg/kg(D0.05组)、地塞米松0.1mg/kg(D0.1组)、地塞米松0.2mg/kg(D0.2组)、恩丹西酮4mg(O组)和同容积生理盐水(S组)。观察记录手术后0～24h内患者PONV情况、抗恶心呕吐药物使用情况。结果 D0.1组、D0.2组与S组比较:术后0～24h内总的PONV的发生率明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),总需要抗恶心呕吐药物治疗的患者比例亦降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。D0.1组与D0.2组比较差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。D0.05组S组比较差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。D0.1组与D0.05组比较,术后0～24h时内总的PONV的发生率明显降低,差异具有有统计学意义(P<0.01),需要抗恶心呕吐药物治疗的患者比例亦降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。D0.1组与O组比较:术后0～24h内PONV发生率降低(P<0.05)。结论静脉注射地塞米松0.1mg/kg能有效地预防LC后PONV发生。     

盐酸格拉司琼防治含铂方案化疗引起恶心呕吐疗效观察

目的观察盐酸格拉司琼预防顺铂化疗呕吐的疗效。方法对128例接受顺铂方案化疗的患者,采用随机分组的方法,分别应用盐酸格拉司琼和恩丹西酮,观察两药止吐疗效。结果盐酸格拉司琼和恩丹西酮均能有效防治顺铂所致的恶心、呕吐,两药的止吐有效率分别为90%和86.8%,P<0.05。两药的副反应轻,主要为头痛、便秘等。结论盐酸格拉司琼能有效预防顺铂所致胃肠反应,不良反应轻,是良好的止吐药物。     

Feedback Stimulation of Somatodendritic Serotonin Release: A 5-HT3 Receptor-Mediated Effect in the Raphe Nuclei of the Rat

Slices from rat midbrain containing the raphe nuclei and from hippocampus were prepared, loaded with [³H]5-HT and superfused and the resting and the electrically stimulated [³H]5-HT release was measured. The 5-HT₃ receptor agonist 2-methyl-5-HT (1 to 10 μmol/l) increased the resting tritium outflow in superfused raphe nuclei slices, EC₅₀ 5.3 μmol/l. The 2-methyl-5-HT-induced increase of tritium outflow was an external Ca²⁺-independent process and was not altered by reserpine pretreatment but it was reversed by addition of the 5-HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (1 μmol/l). The 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists ondansetron and GYKI-46 903 (1 μmol/l) did not antagonize the stimulatory effect of 2-methyl-5-HT on resting tritium outflow. 2-Methyl-5-HT in lower concentration increased the electrically induced tritium overflow from raphe nuclei slices (EC₅₀ 0.56 μmol/l) and also from hippocampal slices preloaded with [³H]5-HT. These effects were reversed by 1 μmol/l of ondansetron and GYKI-46903. The 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists (1 μmol/l) were without effects on depolarization-evoked [³H]5-HT release at 2 Hz stimulation, when 10 Hz stimulation was used, ondansetron and GYKI-46 903 reduced the tritium overflow from raphe nuclei slices. These data indicate that 5-HT₃ receptors positively alter depolarization-induced somatodendritic 5-HT release in the raphe nuclei. They also show that 2-methyl-5-HT is able to evoke 5-HT release not only from vesicles but also from cytoplasmic stores via a transporter-dependent exchange process.     

帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松预防中度致吐化疗引起恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的 观察和评价帕洛诺司琼联合地塞米松预防中度致吐化疗方案所致恶心、呕吐(CINV)的临床疗效和不良反应.方法 60例患者采用中度致吐方案化疗,按随机抽样法随机分为帕洛诺司琼组和昂丹司琼组,各30例.帕洛诺司琼组给予盐酸帕洛诺司琼0.25 mg,第1天化疗前30 min静脉注射.昂丹司琼组给予盐酸昂丹司琼8 mg,化疗前30 min缓慢静脉滴注,连用3d.2组均联合地塞米松5 mg静脉注射.观察5d内恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生情况并作比较.结果 帕洛诺司琼组与昂丹司琼组急性CINV完全缓解率分别为80.0％ (24/30)和76.7％(23/30),有效控制率分别为93.3％(28/30)和86.7％(26/30),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);延迟性CINV完全缓解率分别为76.7％ (23/30)和63.3％(19/30),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),有效控制率分别为93.4％(28/30)和73.3％(22/30),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组不良反应发生率均较低,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 帕洛诺司琼预防中度致吐化疗方案所致急性CINV 疗效与昂丹司琼相当,对延迟性CINV 的疗效优于昂丹司琼,不良反应程度较轻、安全性好.