2008年北京奥运会期间病媒生物控制效果分析与经验启示

目的通过对2008年北京奥运会期间病媒生物控制工作和控制效果的分析，总结奥运会期间病媒生物控制保障的成功经验与遗产。方法对奥运核心区、全市奥运场馆、场馆外围进行全面系统的病媒生物密度监测，以奥运场馆为重点，对周边2km及全市范围开展大规模的病媒生物控制活动。结果降低了奥运场馆和全市病媒生物密度，完全实现了“有效控制城市奥运涉及区的病媒生物种类及数量”的奥运公共卫生保障目标。结论围绕奥运会所采取的一些措施和做法是行之有效的，所形成的一些独特经验、技术措施和控制机制已成为奥运会的一份宝贵遗产，对今后北京市和我国的病媒生物控制工作都具有重要的指导意义。     

T‐Wave Variability Detects Abnormalities in Ventricular Repolarization: A Prospective Study Comparing Healthy Persons and Olympic Athletes

Background: Sudden cardiac death in athletes is more common than in the general population. Routine screening procedures are performed to identify competitors at risk. A new Holter‐based parameter analyzes variation of the ventricular repolarization (TVar). The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in electrocardiogram (ECG), Echo, and Holter (H) in competitive athletes compared to a healthy control group consisting of medical students (MS). Methods: A total of 40 athletes (19 females, Olympic team, Luxembourg) and 40 MS (22 females) were examined by means of a resting ECG, treadmill exercise (TE), echocardiogram (Echo), as well as H recordings during a routine screening visit. To analyze TVar, a 20‐minute H recording at rest (sampling rate 1000 per second) was performed. Moreover, heart rate variability (HRV) as well as HR turbulence (HRT) was computed. Results: No differences in demographic variables were detected. Quantification of HRV detected a significant increase in the vagal component of autonomic cardiac modulation. In contrast, no differences for HRT were found. Echo parameter demonstrated a thicker septal wall without differences of the posterior wall. TVar values were normal in range, but did differ significantly between the two groups. No correlation between TVar and echo as well as Holter parameters was detected. Conclusions: TVar was able to demonstrate significant differences in terms of alterations of ventricular activation. This might indicate an early change of myocardial repolarization representing a substrate for life‐threatening arrhythmia. Larger studies on the predictive value of TVar including follow‐up are necessary to confirm this preliminary finding.     

冰雪运动冻伤诊疗规范及流程

北京2022年冬奥会召开时正值北京-张家口地区寒冷季节,极寒天气时有发生。缺乏冻伤防护常识或遇到紧急情况时,很容易造成冻伤。冻伤防控是冬奥会具有特色的准备工作之一,如何结合冰雪运动实际需求,使冻伤救治更迅速、便捷、高效,是我们迎接冬奥盛会应尽的责任。本文结合冰雪运动时不同冻伤伤情特点及诊断、救治要点,总结了相关诊疗规范及救治流程。     

Cognitive profile of young well-trained athletes with intellectual disabilities

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that cognitive and motor skills are related. The precise impact of cognitive impairment on sport proficiency, however, is unknown.AimsThis study investigated group and individual differences in cognitive profiles in a large cohort of track and field athletes, basketball players, swimmers and table tennis players with (N = 468) and without (N = 162) intellectual disabilities (ID).Methods and proceduresBased on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive abilities, eight subtests were selected for inclusion in a generic cognitive test (GCT) to assess executive functions and cognitive abilities relevant to sport, i.e., fluid reasoning, visual processing, reaction and decision speed, short-term memory and processing speed.Outcomes and resultsReliability coefficients for the subtests ranged between 0.25 and 0.88 respectively. Factor analysis revealed two clusters of subtests, i.e., a speed-based factor (simple and complex reaction time and simple and complex visual search) and a performance-based factor (Corsi Memory, Tower of London, WASI Block Design and Matrix Reasoning).After controlling for psychomotor speed, the group of ID-athletes scored significantly lower than athletes without ID on all the GCT subtests, except the complex visual search test. When cognitive profiles of individual ID- athletes were examined, some obtained higher scores than the average norm values in the reference population.Conclusions and implicationsThe GCT is currently administered as part of the classification process for athletes with ID who compete in the Paralympic Games. The results of this study indicate that the complex visual search and Tower of London test in the GCT should be reconsidered.     

北京市海淀区奥运相关餐饮业食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的掌握北京市海淀区奥运相关餐饮业卫生状况,为卫生行政部门制定相应监督、监测方案提供依据。方法2007年对海淀区110家奥运相关餐饮单位卫生状况进行监测,依据GB 14934-94等国标方法检测,统计用卡方检验。结果海淀区餐饮业抽检样品合格率为79.25%,高于北京市平均水平（72.53%）,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=28.57,P〈0.05）。海淀区几种样品中,凉拌菜、鲜榨果汁果盘、爆炒炝拌菜及熟肉合格率较低,分别为66.01%、57.45%、67.31%、72.64%。153件凉拌菜中48件检出大肠菌群,1件检出致病性大肠杆菌,13件检出变形杆菌。106件熟肉样品中,27件检出致病性大肠杆菌,1件检出亚硝酸盐,8件检出变形杆菌。海淀区奥运场馆餐饮业抽检合格率为76.30%,低于北京市奥运场馆平均水平（96.23%）,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=10.20,P〈0.05）。海淀区奥运场馆、签约宾馆周边餐饮业中抽检合格率为75.48%,明显高于北京市平均水平（67.20%）。海淀区集中配送营养餐企业抽检合格率100.00%。海淀区量化分级A、B级单位餐饮抽检合格率为85.40%,主要问题是大肠菌群超标。结论海淀区餐饮业总体卫生情况好于北京市的平均水平,但是凉拌菜等几种食品的卫生状况有待提高,宾馆、场馆周边餐饮企业总体水平需要加强。     

2010年上海世博会健康遗产评估指标体系的构建思考

2010年上海世博会的筹办是社会各方面多年总动员和巨额投资的结果,估计期间将有约7000万人次的参观者来上海光临这一盛会,这无疑将给主办城市的环境、卫生等基础设施带来巨大压力,也是对城市卫生服务提出的新挑战。2008年北京奥运会中首次引入了奥运健康遗产的概念,并建立了一套包含56个指标的奥运健康影响评估指标体系,有效地促进了政府对卫生事业的关注。借鉴北京奥运健康遗产概念,突出上海世博特点,建立一套世博健康遗产评估指标体系,可有效观察上海世博会在健康和公共卫生领域的长期影响,进一步延伸和拓展奥运健康遗产概念,充分发挥大型国际活动的健康促进功能,以期对今后大型国际活动的举办有一定的参考和促进作用。     

北京奥运会武术比赛医疗保障特点及启示

目的 探讨北京奥运会武术比赛相关医疗准备、医务人员配置和伤员救治等医疗保障特点.方法 收集武术赛场和场馆医疗站诊治的所有伤员资料,对运动员受伤场合、损伤部位、伤情类型和伤后处置等资料进行统计分析.结果 测试赛中,套路比赛受伤运动员占该类参赛人员的0.92%,主要为腰部及下肢扭伤;散手比赛受伤运动员占该类参赛人员的12.4%,多为头面部、躯干、会阴、四肢顿挫伤,并有皮肤撕裂伤,且有16例重伤员转送医院救治.正式比赛中,套路比赛无运动员受伤;散手比赛伤员占该类参赛人员的5.5%,无重伤员转送医院.结论 运动员在散手比赛中的受伤机会多于套路比赛,在测试赛中的受伤人数和伤情严重程度都高于正式比赛,中级别运动员受伤概率高于其他级别运动员,医疗人员配置应选择具有多学科知识的专业外科人员.     

北京奥运会医疗急救保障工作及其影响

北京奥运会医疗急救保障工作不仅要满足奥运会和残奥会各场馆对医疗急救服务的需要,还要满足奥运会赛期北京市日常医疗急救和应急保障的需求.为此,北京急救中心从调度指挥系统、网络建设、车辆装备、人员等方面进行了积极的筹备,圆满完成了北京奥运会医疗急救的保障工作.同时,奥运会也促进了北京市院前急救事业的发展.     

2008年北京市及奥运场馆蚊虫密度问卷调查分析

目的通过对2008年北京市及奥运场馆的蚊虫密度调查问卷分析,了解2008年北京市及奥运场馆的蚊虫密度情况,检验蚊虫密度的防制效果。方法采用分层随机抽样,抽取7个区及7家奥运场馆,实施蚊虫密度相关问题的问卷调查。结果对于室内环境的调查,认为北京市蚊虫密度低的调查对象占92．31％,认为奥运场馆蚊虫密度低的调查对象占96．02％;对于外环境蚊虫密度的调查,认为北京市蚊虫密度低的调查对象占77．81％,认为奥运场馆蚊虫密度低的调查对象占97．26％;认为北京市2008年比2007年蚊虫少的占69．85％;选择奥运场馆无人投诉的调查对象占80．60％。结论不论室内与外环境,2008年奥运场馆的蚊虫密度均低于北京市的蚊虫密度。北京市2008年的蚊虫密度低于2007年。