Pulmonary mechanics and outcome of neonates on ECMO.

Deciding when to wean neonates from extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be difficult. The usefulness of simple measurements of pulmonary mechanics e.g., dynamic compliance (Cdyn) has been questioned. We investigated the pulmonary mechanics of eight neonates using the interrupter technique, which allows the partitioning of pulmonary mechanics into compartments representing the conducting airways and more peripheral phenomena (viscoelastic properties and "pendelluft"). Three neonates required ECMO for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), two for hyaline membrane disease (HMO), two for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), and one for pneumonia. All neonates with MAS, HMD, and pneumonia were successfully weaned from ECMO when their Cdyn was 0.3 mL/cmH2O/kg or greater [mean 0.34 +/- 0.06 (SEM)]. All three neonates with CDH died and their highest Cdyn was 0.21, 0.19, and 0.09 mL/cmH2O/kg respectively (mean, 0.16 +/- 0.037). The airway resistance (Raw) and the slower component of pressure change after interruption (delta Pdiff), a measure of the more peripheral phenomena of the lung, were not significantly different in those neonates who survived and those who did not. The values for delta Pdiff in all patients were higher than those in healthy neonates. However, the Raw was not different. This suggests that the major disturbance in pulmonary mechanics was distal to the conducting airways. Those neonates who were successfully weaned from ECMO had a significantly higher Cdyn 24-48 hours prior to decannulation. Considering the lung as a two-compartment model offers no advantages when compared to the one-compartment model for the prediction of the outcome of a neonate on ECMO.     

Esophageal pressure and apnea hypopnea index in sleep-disordered breathing

Severity of negative esophageal pressure (Pes) and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) were investigated in six cases of upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and 11 cases of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The severity of negative Pes was represented by the highest peak (Pes Max) and the number of increased episodes (more than 13.5 cmH2O) per h (NPesI13.5). There was no significant correlation between Pes indices and AHI. Pes Max and NPesI13.5 were not different among severe OSAS (AHI > 30), mild OSAS (AHI < 30) and UARS. Apnea hypopnea index failed to represent the severity of negative Pes, which is an important aspect of the pathophysiology of sleep-disordered breathing.     

喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的临床应用

目的探讨喉罩在腹腔镜下胆囊切除手术对呼吸循环的影响。方法:所有病人均面罩吸氧去氮5分钟后,以Fentaly0.2mg.Norcriun 0.1mg/kg Propofol 2mg/kg静注给药诱导放置I型3号喉罩,术中观察BP、HR、EtCO2、Ppeak、SaO2。结果喉罩通气组循环稳定,BP、HR变化明显较气管插管组小。EtCO2、Ppeak、SaO2,两组无明显变化。结论使用喉罩通气进行腹腔镜下胆囊切除手术是一种安全、可靠和易行的方法。     

nCPAP治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者动态血压的影响

目的:探讨经鼻持续气道正压通气(nCPAP)治疗,对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)合并高血压患者动态血压的影响。方法:22例男性患者行多导睡眠图(PSG)监测及动态血压检查确诊为OSAS合并高血压的患者,观察nCPAP治疗前后患者动态血压、多导睡眠图等多项指标变化。结果:nCPAP治疗后患者PSG参数明显改善:睡眠时最低SaO_2从(71.0±12.3)％上升到(91.7±7.3)％(P<0.01);RDI显著降低;同时24小时血压明显下降,治疗前血压(16.5±1.6/11.6±2.3Kpa),治疗后血压(13.7±1.5/9.3±1.4Kpa)(P<0.01)。结论:经鼻持续气道正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,不但可以纠正患者的呼吸暂停,改善临床症状,而且可能降低患者的血压。     

钾通道阻滞剂对大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨电压依赖性延迟整流钾通道(K_V)、Ca²⁺激活钾通道(K_Ca)和ATP敏感性钾通道(K_ATP)对大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞(BSMC)增殖的影响。 方法应用免疫细胞化学、MTT微量比色分析法及流式细胞术,观察K_V,K_Ca和K_ATP对培养中大鼠BSMC增殖的影响。结果K_V阻断剂4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)显著促进大鼠BSMC增殖细胞核抗原的表达,提高BSMC吸光度值,使S+G₂M期细胞数显著增多,并显著提高基础状态下BSMC内Ca²⁺浓度,而K_Ca阻断剂四乙铵(TEA)和K_ATP阻断剂格列本脲(Glib)均无此效应。 结论大鼠BSMC K_V活性的抑制,可提高细胞内Ca²⁺浓度,促进细胞的增殖,而K_Ca和K_ATP对BSMC的增殖均无明显影响。     

声反射技术在测量正常人咽腔中的应用

目的 探讨正常人咽腔大小与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停病人发病机理的相互关系。方法 用声反射测量技术对24名健康志愿者的咽腔进行测量,咽腔面积测量是测量持续的缓慢呼气终末的肺总容量(Total Lung Capacity,TLC)和残余量(Residual Volume,RV),比较咽腔横断面积在男女成人肺容量的三个方面的表现:TLC,50％VC(50％ of vital Capacity)和RV。结果 男性咽腔面积在TLC6.4±1.3cm2,在50％VC5.4±0.9cm2和RV4.1±0.8cm2。女性咽腔面积在TLC4.8±0.6cm2,50％VC4.2±0.5cm2和RV3.7±0.6cm2。男女间不同的咽腔面积在TLC和50％VC中有显著的统计学意义,而在RV中无统计学意义。结论 (1)不同性别的咽腔面积与身体的尺寸大小有关。(2)在男女成人中显示咽腔面积随着肺容量的变化有相似的变化。(3)男性成人的咽腔面积随着年龄的增长而减小。     

热塑料面膜对皮肤剂量的影响研究

目的定量研究鼻咽癌放射治疗时,热塑料面膜在与皮肤各种距离的情况下对皮肤剂量及靶区剂量的影响,对使用面膜后皮肤反应加重的临床现象进行探讨.方法使用VARiAN2100C/D加速器产生的X6与E9射线;比利时ORFIT工业公司生产的U-PLAST材料的固定热塑料面膜;半导体探头;DPD-510半导体现场测量仪及Farmer 2570/1剂量仪和258l电离室(0.6cm3)采用源轴距(SAD)和源皮距(SSD)的方法,测量面膜与皮肤不同距离时对皮肤剂量和最大剂量点剂量的影响.结果 (1)X线入射线对皮下2 mm处剂量有一定影响,可提高11%的剂量,电子线(E9)则在面膜与皮肤有一定距离(2～2.5 cm)时产生一个高剂量峰,在皮下2 mm处最大可产生35%左右的剂量增幅.(2)使用面膜后对最大剂量点的剂量影响在X6和E9分别为0.5%和3%.(3)射出线束对皮肤剂量最大增加量为1.3%.结论 X6和E9的入射线会对皮肤剂量产生较大影响.而X6在使用面膜后无论出射线还是入射线对最大剂量点的剂量影响均不大,可以认为使用面膜不必对开机量进行校正;而E9则有3%的剂量增加,考虑为面膜提升PDD值所致,剂量计算时要将此因素考虑进去.     

肺炎克雷伯菌引起大鼠小气道上皮细胞损伤及与肺内α肿瘤坏死因子关系的探讨

目的探讨肺炎克雷伯菌引起大鼠小气道上皮细胞损伤及机制。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为两组:对照组和感染组采用光镜动态观察小气道上皮细胞损伤改变。以免疫组化及原位分子杂交分析方法,检测小气道上皮细胞α肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)蛋白和TNF-αmRNA表达的变化。并用放射免疫分析法测定肺组织中TNF-α含量。结果显示感染组大鼠小气道上皮细胞病理改变明显。感染第2周起至第4周小气道壁各种炎症细胞增加,可见上皮细胞部分脱落坏死,损伤明显加重。感染组在2～4周TNF-αmRNA表达与对照组比较显著增强(P <0 .0 1)。在第4周TNF α蛋白明显增高(P <0 .0 1)。从第1周起肺组织中TNF-α含量增加并保持到第8周。结论肺炎克雷伯菌在体内可引起小气道上皮细胞损伤,肺内TNF-α水平升高与气道上皮细胞损伤程度平行。并且TNF-α蛋白和TNF-αmRNA表达上调在加重上皮细胞损伤中又具有重要作用     

非织造材料医用口罩的研制及临床应用进展

非织造材料医用口罩是经高温熔喷产生的超细纤维制成的过滤材料,具有有效阻挡飞沫和微尘、气流阻力低、无菌和耐腐蚀,是防止病原微生物吸入人体的理想材料。     

鼻塞持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的观察经鼻塞持续气道正压通气(N-CPAP)治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的效果。方法应用STEPHANN-CPAP小儿呼吸机对30例危重新生儿进行经鼻塞持续气道正压通气呼吸支持治疗,观察治疗前后临床症状和血气变化。结果治疗有效25例,无效5例。治疗有效患儿使用N-CPAP时间12~96h,平均(32±4)h。并发症为鼻黏膜损伤,共12例。全部病例均治愈出院。结论N-CPAP治疗新生儿肺炎并呼吸衰竭及早产儿原发性呼吸暂停效果显著,是新生儿科一种简便易行、无创安全、疗效显著的呼吸支持设备。