加减地黄饮子对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经元保护作用的实验研究

目的:观察加减地黄饮子对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经元的保护作用及其可能作用机制。方法:采用栓线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤模型(MCAO)。120只Wistar大鼠随机分成6组:空白组,假损伤组,模型组,中药高剂量组,中药低剂量组,阿司匹林对照组,每组20只。连续灌胃7d后,进行手术操作。测定大鼠大脑皮层组织Na+-K+-ATP酶活性、Ca2+-ATP酶活性、SOD活性和MDA含量。结果:加减地黄饮子低剂量、高剂量组均能提高脑缺血大鼠大脑皮层组织的Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性及SOD活性,降低MDA含量。结论:加减地黄饮子可对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织神经元起保护作用,其脑保护作用机制可能与其调节Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶活性、SOD活性和降低MDA含量有关。     

奥瑞合剂对反流性食管炎肝胃郁热证患者超微量Na~+-K~+-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATP酶的影响

目的:观察奥瑞合剂对反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis,RE)患者食管组织超微量Na~+-K~+-ATP酶(ultramicro Na~+-K~+-ATPase,u Na KATPase)和超微量Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATP酶(ultramicro Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase,u Ca Mg ATPase)的影响。方法:将60例反流性食管炎肝胃郁热证患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例。两组患者均给予基础治疗,口服奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊。治疗组加用药奥瑞合剂治疗,对照组加用奥瑞合剂模拟剂治疗。治疗4周后比较两组患者的临床疗效,食管组织u Na KATPase和u Ca Mg ATPase指标以及胃镜变化。结果:治疗组有效率为96.43%,对照着有效率为74.07%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组患者u Na KATPase和u Ca Mg ATPase指标均有升高,治疗组优于对照着,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃镜评分比较,治疗组有效率为96.43%,治疗组有效率为88.89%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:奥瑞合剂可以通过提高反流性食管炎肝胃郁热证患者食管组织u Na KATPase和u Ca Mg ATPase水平,从而改善食管下括约肌收缩与蠕动能力,实现对反流性食管炎的治疗。     

双特异性抗体介导的CD3AK体外杀伤实验研究

目的:研究在双特异性抗体的介导下CD3AK细胞(CD3单克隆抗体激活的杀伤细胞)对人小细胞肺癌细胞株LTEP-sml细胞毒作用。方法:用51Cr-Na2CrO4释放试验检测单抗(2D6、UCHT1)和双特异性抗体(WST-HT)与CD3AK共同对人小细胞肺癌细胞株的杀伤活性。结果:双特异性抗体外能明显增强CD3AK细胞对人小细胞肺癌的杀伤活性。结论:与单纯CD3AK相比加入双特异性抗体后的CD3AK细胞的细胞毒活性显著增强。     

原子吸收火焰法测定合力康粉剂中钾、钠、钙、镁、锌、铁的含量

目的：采用原子吸收火焰法测定合力康粉剂中钾、钠、钙、镁、锌、铁的含量。方法：用盐酸-硝酸-水(9：1．5：25)混酸湿法水浴加热消化处理样品,硝酸锶作镁离子释放剂,乙炔-空气火焰原子吸收法。结果：钾、钠、钙镁、锌、铁加样回收率与RSD(n=5)分剐为98．3％、0．8％;100．8％、3．2％;101．8％、1．3％;102．5％、2．1％;101．2％、2．8％;97．4％、2．4％。特征浓度分别为(产生0．0044吸收所需要的浓度,μg/m1)0．02、0．01、0．07、0．003、0．0l、0．06。结论：该方法简便、快速、结果准确,适用于合力康粉剂粉剂中钾、钠、钙、镁、锌、铁的含量测定。     

Status and prospect of current inotropic agents

Critical reassessment of established inotropic drugs such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitors and the digitalis glycosides has reaffirmed the need for novel cardiotonic agents that will not only beneficially affect the haemodynamic and functional impairment of patients with overt congestive heart failure, but also prevent its clinical manifestation and reduce the high mortality. None of the drugs examined in these directions - calcium sensitisers, β-receptor blockers, sodium channel modulators, digitalis derivatives - have been shown to achieve these goals. The research on endogenous digitalis did not, as was hoped, reveal a general strategy for improving the therapeutic index of cardiac glycosides. The proof that Na+/K+-transporting ATPase of cardiac muscle is the molecular point of attack (receptor) for the inotropic and toxic effects of digitalis-like acting C/D-cis and C/D-trans steroids revealed the cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus as their common pharmacophoric lead structure. This has opened a wide field for lead development in the direction of derivatives that favourably discriminate between the inotropy-linked α1-isoform and the toxicity-linked α3-isoform of Na+/K+-ATPase as the basis for the design of inotropic agents with high therapeutic margin.     

Outcome predictors of cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial empyema

Background: Spontaneous bacterial empyema (SBE) is a complication of cirrhotic patients in which a pre‐existing pleural effusion becomes infected. This retrospective study was designed to investigate the bacteriology and outcome predictors of SBE in cirrhotic patients. Methods: Medical records of cirrhotic patients treated in a tertiary care university hospital from December 2004 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of 3390 cirrhotic patients seen during the study period, 81 cases of SBE were diagnosed. The incidence of SBE was 2.4% (81/3390) in cirrhotic patients and 16% (81/508) in patients with cirrhosis with hydrothorax. There were 46 monomicrobial infections found in 46 SBE patients. Aerobic Gram‐negative organisms were the predominant pathogens (n=29, 63%), and Escherichia coli (n=9, 20%) was the most frequently isolated sole pathogen. The mortality rate of SBE was 38% (31/81). Univariate analysis showed that Child–Pugh score, model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD)–Na score, concomitant bacteraemia, concomitant spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, initial intensive care unit (ICU) admission and initial antibiotic treatment failure were predictors of poor outcomes. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the independent factors related to a poor outcome were initial ICU admission [odds ratio (OR): 4.318; 95% confidence interval 1CI) 1.09–17.03; P=0.037], MELD–Na score (OR: 1.267; 95% CI 1.08–1.49; P=0.004) and initial antibiotic treatment failure (OR: 13.10; 95% CI 2.60–66.03). Conclusion: Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients is a high mortality complication. The independent factors related to poor outcome are high MELD–Na score, initial ICU admission and initial antibiotic treatment failure. High MELD–Na score may be a useful mortality predictor of SBE in cirrhotic patients.     

MECHANISMS BY WHICH INTRARENAL DOPAMINE AND ANP INTERACT TO REGULATE SODIUM METABOLISM

Maintenance of a normal blood pressure requires a precise and fine-tuned regulation of salt metabolism. This is accomplished by a bidirectional regulation of renal tubular sodium transporters by natriuretic and antinatriuretic hormones. Dopamine, produced in the renal proximal tubular cells, plays an important role in this interactive system. Dopamine inhibits the activity of Na⁺,K⁺ATPase as well as of many important sodium influx pathways in the nephron. These effects of dopamine are particularly pronounced in situation of sodium loading.

There is an abundance of evidence suggesting that the natriuretic effects of ANP are to a large extent mediated via renal dopamine 1 like receptors. The renal tubular dopamine 1 like receptors are, under basal conditions, mainly located intracellularly. ANP and its second messenger, cGMP, cause a rapid translocation of the dopamine 1 like receptors to the plasma membrane. This phenomenon may explain how ANP and dopamine act in concert to regulate sodium metabolism. Regulation of sodium metabolism and blood pressure is critically dependent on a normal function of the renal dopamine system. Hence, abnormalities in the interaction between dopamine and ANP may predispose to hypertension.     

Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors in mono- and combination therapies: a new strategy for treating malignancies

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors belong to a new class of drugs for the treatment of malignant diseases. They selectively act against a target (Plk1) which is involved in different stages of mitosis such as centrosome maturation, spindle formation, chromosome separation and cytokinesis. Because Plk1 is mainly expressed in proliferating tissues and overexpressed in cancers, its inhibition is potentially less prone to toxicities associated with current antimitotic agents, which also act on nondividing cells. Several Plk1 inhibitors are being evaluated as cancer treatment drugs. Based on the essential role of Plk1 during mitosis, Plk1 inhibitors target all rapidly dividing cells irrespective of their tumor suppressor or oncogene mutations. In this article, their mechanisms of action, efficacy and toxicity profile are discussed.     

Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Factor [ANF (arg 101–Tyr 126)] on Kallikrein and Cyclic GMP in the Renovascular Hypertensive Rat

The intravenous injection of an ED₅₀ natriuretic dose (1 μg) of synthetic ANF decreases blood pressure by 61 ± 6 mmHg in 2-K, 1-C, and of 45 ± 6 mmHg in 1-K, 1-C hypertensive rats, which was positively correlated with its initial level only in the 2-K, 1-C group. The hypotensive response lasted longer in the latter (> 40 min) than in normotensive sham-operated rats. No difference in duration was seen between 1-K, 1-C hypertensive and its uninephrectomized normotensive controls. The diuretic response to ANF was higher in 2-K, 1-C rats. No hematocrit changes were observed in any group. ANF induced a rise in urinary kallikrein in all groups but the 1-K, 1-C. Urinary kallikrein excretion was positively correlated with natriuresis in normotensive but not in hypertensive groups. ANF induced an increase in urinary cGMP excretion in all groups but the 1-K, 1-C, and an increase in plasma cGMP in the normotensive sham-operated animals.

Our results suggest that the fall in blood pressure induced by synthetic ANF could be due to vasodilatation, a drop in cardiac output cannot, however, be eliminated. Whether the hypotensive effect of ANF is mediated by cGMP remains to be demonstrated.     

Inverse relationship between colonic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and degree of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mucosal damage and loss of colonic function are regarded as major consequences of inflammation. Decreased colonic (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activities with diminished reabsorption of sodium and water have been found in active stages of ulcerative colitis. In this study, we report an inverse relationship between colonic (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity and the degree of mucosal inflammation in 19 patients with IBD of mild to moderate disease activity. Various macroscopic and histologic types of mucosal lesions were differently associated with the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activities. 5-nucleotidase activity was not associated with the degree of mucosal inflammation or the kind of macroscopic or histologic lesions. Our findings support the view that, in contrast to 5-nucleotidase, (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity may better reflect the severity of mucosal damage and the degree of inflammation in IBD.