四种病毒灭活方法用于登革病毒灭活效果的比较

目的评价常用病毒灭活方法对血液制品中登革病毒(DENV)的灭活效果。方法将单采新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP),人凝血因子Ⅷ(FⅧ)和静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)3种血浆及其制品中加入高滴度(8.00-9.25)的登革病毒液,分别采用亚甲蓝(MB)光化学法灭活FFP、有机溶剂/去污剂(S/D)法灭活FⅧ、低pH常温孵化法和巴氏消毒法灭活IVIG;以1×10~6/mL A549细胞接种于T25的培养瓶中作为病毒传代及滴度滴定指示细胞,将灭活前后的血浆及制品接种于A549细胞并检测其DENV滴度,并通过qRT-PCR对DENV RNA做定量检测;评估不同的灭活方法对DENV的灭活效果。结果 DENV滴度下降:MB光化学法灭活FFP下降滴度≥5.92 log,S/D法灭活FⅧ下降滴度≥5.17 log、巴氏法和低pH法灭活IVIG均下降滴度≥5.92 log,其中MB光化学法灭活FFP、SD灭活FⅧ及巴氏法灭活IVIG后DENV RNA(cp/mL)降低1.25 log-2.25 log,低pH法灭活IVIG后DENV RNA(cp/mL)降低0.17 log。所有血浆和血液制品样品经灭活后,在DENV宿主细胞上3代盲传后均未检测到DENV RNA。结论 4种常用病毒灭活方法均能有效灭活血浆及血液制品中的DENV。     

Identification of some plasma membrane proteins of cultured rat pigment epithelial cells by labeling with 125I

Cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial (PE) cells were labeled with 125I by lactoperoxidase (LPO)-catalyzed radioiodination. Examination of 125I-labeled cells by electron microscopic autoradiography suggested that 125I was incorporated into proteins at both the apical and basal surfaces of the PE cells, and into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Analysis of labeled cells by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography showed that 125I was incorporated into at least 15 polypeptides. In order to determine which of these labeled proteins were derived from the plasma membrane. 125I-labeled cells were subjected to differential detergent extraction. Triton X-100 (2% v/v), which removed the cell plasma membrane, solubilized only three of the labeled proteins (152 000, 138 000, 123 000 daltons). SDS (0.25% w/v) completely removed cells from the tissue culture dish and solubilized all but four of the labeled proteins (225 000, 173 000, 87 000 and 72 100 daltons). When 125I-labeled PE cells were mechanically disrupted, and the resulting cell fractions separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, labeled proteins separated into two subcellular fractions. One fraction was especially enriched in the 152 000, 138 000 and 123 000 dalton labeled proteins, in addition to the plasma membrane marker enzymes Na+, K+-ATPase, and alkaline phosphodiesterase I. The second fraction was enriched in the 225 000, 196 000 and 173 000 dalton labeled proteins, the ECM proteins laminin and fibronectin, and the 43 000 actin band . It is proposed that 125I-labeled proteins in the former cell fraction are truly plasma membrane proteins, while those found in the latter cell fraction are a mixture of 125I-labeled ECM and basal plasma membrane proteins. The 152 000, 138 000 and 123 000 dalton labeled proteins of the plasma membrane fraction are glycoproteins and become firmly anchored to the Triton X-100 insoluble cytoskeleton when labeled cells are treated with concanavalin A.     

DISSOCIATION,AGGREGATION OF SESAME α-GLOBULIN IN NONIONIC DETERGENT SOLUTION

Nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and Brij 36T induce dissociation and aggregation of the protein sesame α-globulin above the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of the detergents. Spectrophotometric titration in Triton shows no change in the pK_Int value of the tyrosyl groups at 1 × 10^-3M detergent where both dissociation and aggregation of the protein are observed. Fluorescence measurement does not indicate any change in the environment of the tryptophan groups of the protein in Brij. Viscosity measurements show no major conformational change of the protein in the detergent solution. Binding measurements suggest that perhaps micelles of the detergent predominantly bind to the protein. The detergent micelles preferentially bind to the exposed hydrophobic surfaces of the protein subunits. The association of the protein detergent complex through electrostatic interaction is probably responsible for the formation of the aggregates.     

酶在医疗器械清洗中的效果观察

目的 探讨酶在提高医疗器械清洗质量中的作用.方法 手工清洗,随机抽取同质污染的医疗器械360件,分成实验组和对照组,每组180件;实验组物品浸泡在朗索多酶1∶200溶液中5 min,对照组物品浸泡在传统清洗剂1∶200溶液中30 min.分别取出两组物品用流动水冲净.结果 朗索多酶清洗剂与传统清洗剂用于医疗器械手工清洗差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 对污染比较严重的器械,酶对手工和机械清洗的效果比较显著.     

A hand immersion test under laboratory-controlled usage conditions: the need for sensitive and controlled assessment methods

Exaggerated test conditions were frequently used to investigate the cutaneous tolerance of detergent products in the past. As the sensitivity of newly designed biometric methods is steadily improving, the trend towards more realistic test conditions should be encouraged. A hand immersion test under laboratory-controlled usage conditions is presently described, fulfilling such principles. Panelists soaked their hands in 2 different hand dishwashing liquids, 2x daily for 10 min each (with successive in-solution/out-of-solution cycles) for 4 consecutive days. Products were at usual dilution for dishwashing liquids and were randomized between the dominant and non-dominant hands of panelists. Visual scoring of erythema and dryness developing on the whole hands (scoring scales including interdigital areas and joints) during the week did not allow discrimination between the 2 products. However the dominant hands were significantly more susceptible to alterations than the non-dominant hands, regardless of product attribution. In contrast, skin electrical measurements (Corneometer CM800 and Skicon 200) on the dorsum of the hands (muscle mass between thumb and index) and squamometry analysis of tape stripping (harvested from the same site) yielded significant differences between the 2 products. In conclusion, a hand immersion test under realistic conditions has been described, which discriminates between products when sensitive assessment methods are used to explore skin sites partially protected from daily-life skin aggressions.     

不同清洗剂和清洗工艺对主动脉覆膜支架微粒的影响

对用于微创伤介入术的主动脉覆膜支架,生产过程中的清洁对其满足相关技术要求有着重要意义。主动脉覆膜支架由覆膜材料、金属材料和缝合线构成。缝合覆膜支架的过程中,缝合线通过与覆膜材料以及金属支架摩擦掉下微粒,则覆膜支架的清洗以及清洗过程中微粒的控制显得尤为重要。覆膜支架的清洗需要选择针对性的清洁剂。由于注射用水对脏污没有去污能力,所以清洗覆膜支架的首道清洗剂选用碱性或者酸性的清洗剂去除覆膜支架表面的脏污;末道清洗剂用注射用水,以便溶解上一步的清洗剂,使覆膜支架化学生物性能合格。清洗过程中去除微粒的效果主要与清洗时间、清洗剂容量和单次清洗数量等工艺控制有关。清洗时间主要根据覆膜支架的组成材料和微粒清洗要求确定;清洗剂容量则至少需满足浸没单次清洗覆膜支架数量;单次清洗数量由技术要求和生产效率等因素确定。     

Surveillance detection of concentrated laundry detergent pack exposures

Context. In early 2012, concentrated laundry detergent packs began to be marketed in the United States. Around May 2012, poison centers began to notice that they were handling serious exposures among young children to these products. Objective. This investigation examined whether a surveillance algorithm might have identified the exposures to laundry detergent packs among young children. Methods. Cases were exposures reported to Texas poison centers during January–June in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The monthly number of exposures reported in 2012 was determined. The mean for the corresponding month in the preceding 3 years (2009, 2010, 2011) was calculated. If the 2012 monthly value was greater than the historic mean plus two standard deviations, then the 2012 value was considered to be elevated. The comparison was made for eight case definitions involving combinations of age (5 years or less), vomiting, and substance being laundry detergent. Results. When compared to historic values, in 2012 the monthly total exposures and all exposures involving young children were not elevated. Exposures among young children involving vomiting did not become elevated until June 2012. Exposures involving any laundry detergent became elevated in March and remained elevated through June. Discussion. Surveillance of total exposures, all exposures involving young children, and exposures involving vomiting would not have been effective for identifying the influx of calls due to exposures to laundry detergent packs involving young children. Surveillance of any laundry detergent exposures would have identified these calls almost immediately.     

多酶与84消毒液消毒效果比较

目的对多酶和84消毒液对于内镜的清洁、消毒效果进行比较分析。方法分别取75套鼻内镜器械进行清洗,其中,25套鼻内镜使用多酶进行清洗,25套鼻内镜使用84消毒液进行清洗,前者作为多酶组,后者作为84组,25套鼻内镜使用清水进行清洗,作为清水组。统计3种清洁液的清洁、消毒效果,并将统计结果使用SPSS13.0统计学软件进行χ2检验,α=0.05。结果多酶组的清洁消毒效果明显优于84组和清水组,统计学结果为P〈0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论使用多酶清洁液可对临床使用的内镜进行有效的清洁消毒,具有较高临床应用价值。