The effects of hypoxia and CO2 on the sleep-waking pattern of the potoroo (Potorous tridactylus apicalis)

Four male potoroos (Potorous tridactylus apicalis) breathed 21% and 7% O₂ with and without the addition of 5% CO₂. The effects of these gas mixtures on the potoroo's sleeping-waking pattern (SWP) were studied. The SWP while breathing 21% O₂/5%CO₂ was unchanged when compared with that of breathing ambient air (21% O₂). While breathing 7% O₂, the SWP was severely disrupted: total sleep time (TST) and slow wave sleep (SWS) increased markedly. Brain temperature fell substantially. Paradoxical sleep (PS) was almost abolished and wakefulness (W) decreased. The addition of 5% CO₂ to the O₂ deficient gas mixture, i.e., 7% O₂/5% CO₂, restored the SWP to that obtained while breathing ambient air. It is concluded that CO₂ neutralizes the disruptive effect which hypoxia has on the potoroo's SWP. It is hypothesized that this constitutes a homeostatic mechanism for stabilizing the SWP and is carried over from pouch life.     

基于Sihler’s技术的踝和足背皮神经的整体分布模式研究

目的 揭示踝及足背皮神经的整体分布模式,为皮瓣移植感觉重建提供形态学指导。 方法 成年尸体24具,紧贴肌表面摘取含皮下脂肪的踝及足背皮肤,用改良的Sihler’s染色法显示并观察皮神经整体分布模式。 结果 在Sihler’s染色的标本中,肉眼可见隐神经支配踝前区（40.01±7.6）%、踝后区（30±6.7）%、以及部分足背内侧缘。腓浅神经支配踝前区（60.03±6.8）%,其足背内侧皮神经支配足背内侧区、第1、2趾背及第3趾背内侧半;95.83%的足背中间皮神经分布到第3趾背外侧半、第4、5趾背。腓肠神经支配踝后区（70±5.3）%,其足背外侧皮神经支配足背外侧缘皮肤。腓深神经分布到第1、2趾背相对面。初级神经支密度以踝前区最高,次级及以下神经支密度和总的神经支密度均以足背内侧区最高。 结论 在踝或足背的皮瓣移植中,建议把踝前区或足背内侧区设计为利于感觉重建的首选供区或感觉需求较高的受区。     

“三江并流”自然遗产地怒江流域居民区蚊类多样性的空间分布格局

山地居民区村镇及其周边农耕区是一类长期在人为开发利用和干扰下,常见但又与周围山区自然状况不同的人文生态系统或地理景观。为探索我国西南山地居民区蚊类多样性空间分布规律与区系特征,作者于2006年7～8月间应用灯诱法对滇西北＂三江并流＂自然遗产地中的怒江中上游流域北纬25°00′～28°30′和海拔800～2000m之间共20个山地居民区的蚊类多样性进行了调查取样,共捕获蚊类2亚科5属32种87126只,统计分析结果显示：1）总蚊密度沿纬度和海拔梯度基本呈现为两头高中间略低的分布格局,但总体上以低纬度和低海拔地带为高;2）优势种（主要是三带喙库蚊）密度与总蚊密度沿纬度和海拔梯度均呈现正相关分布格局,说明优势种不同程度地主导了当地蚊类密度的分布趋势;3）α-多样性（Shannon-Wiener指数H′、Pielou指数E）和物种丰富度S随着纬度的增加呈逐步升高然后又降低的单峰分布格局;沿海拔梯度的变化是：H′和E总体呈现为逐步上升的趋势,但物种丰富度S呈现为中间高,两头相对较低的分布格局;4）α-多样性（H′、E）与总蚊密度在沿纬度梯度和海拔梯度的变化中均呈现为多样性随着密度降低而升高,随密度的升高而降低的负相关分布格局;5）β-多样性（Cody指数）沿纬度梯度呈偏峰分布格局,其高峰位置在27°N与28°N之间,它反映出当地蚊类物种组成在此区间发生了较大的变化;Cody指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈单峰分布格局,其高峰出现在1200～1800m之间,反映出蚊类物种组成在海拔高度约1500m的区域发生了较大的变化;上述纬度和海拔梯度的Cody指数高峰的具体地理位置分别地处当地气候沿纬度（水平）梯度和海拔（垂直）梯度分布中的北亚热带向暖温带的过渡地带,它们反映了蚊类的β多样性空间分布格局及物种组成与当地地理环境和气候条件的变?     

2型糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期的中医用药规律分析

目的分析和了解中医药治疗2型糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期的用药规律。方法选用维普咨询中文科技期刊数据库（1989-2009）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）（1979-2009）、万方数据库（1982-2009）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）（1990-2009）、中文生物医学期刊数据库（CMCC/CMCI）（1994-2009）为资料源,对中医药治疗2型糖尿病肾病Ⅲ期的随机对照文献的用药规律进行统计分析。结果检索到有效文献223篇,共涉及138种中药,用药频次居于前10位的是黄芪、丹参、山茱萸、山药、生地黄、川芎、茯苓、当归、益母草、大黄。药类频次统计显示,益气药居于首位,活血、养阴、收涩、清热、利水渗湿、破血逐瘀药也占了相当大的比重。结论 2型糖尿病肾病III期的中医用药多以益气养阴活血药为主,同时辅以清热、淡渗利湿、收涩固摄、化瘀泄浊、疏风解表等药,并结合临床常用经验方或药对,取得了良好的疗效。     

Single-unit responses in the auditory cortex of monkeys performing a conditional acousticomotor task

The general goal of the present study was to assess the response properties to tones of single neurons in the auditory cortex (primary auditory area, A1, and middle lateral auditory belt, ML) of two macaque monkeys while performing an acousticomotor discrimination task requiring a controlled level of attention and motivation. For each neuron, an approximation of the frequency receptive field (FRF) was first established. Second, based on the FRF, sets of paired tone frequencies were defined in which two different tone frequencies had to be associated by the monkey, following a trial and error strategy, to a left or a right key-press with the left arm. After acquisition of the association, the two tones of the pair were presented randomly (instruction stimulus) and, if the monkey touched the correct key, the stimulus was repeated (confirmation stimulus) and a reward was delivered. The majority of units (63%) had a FRF formed by multiple peaks, whereas 25% and 12% of units exhibited a simple U-shaped FRF and a mosaic FRF, composed of several separated zones of response, respectively. Five principal response patterns were observed: On, Off, On-Off, Sustained, and Inhibition. In relation to the acousticomotor association task, some auditory cortical neurons (33%) exhibited a different response to the same stimulus when presented, in the same trials, as instruction or as confirmation. It was also observed that the response to the same instruction stimulus could differ when comparing correct trials with erroneous trials (wrong motor response). In conclusion, the response properties of auditory cortical neurons in behaving monkeys are strongly dependent on the physical parameters of sounds (frequency, intensity, etc.) as indicated by FRF characteristics, but a substantial influence of the behavioral context and performance may also play an important role.     

超抗原SEA对CD4~+T细胞TCR V_β链的取用格局

用超抗原葡萄球菌肠毒素A (SEA )在体内或体外刺激C57BL/ 6小鼠 2种不同的TCRVβ链T细胞亚群 (Vβ3+ CD4+ 、Vβ1 1 + CD4+ T细胞 ) ,观察二者对超抗原的免疫应答。结果显示 :体内初次刺激后 ,2种T细胞亚群在刺激后第 2天都发生增殖 ,随后均逐渐下降至对照水平。但第 2次用同样剂量刺激后 ,Vβ3+ CD4+ T细胞群对SEA的再次刺激表现出增殖 ,而Vβ1 1 + CD4+ T细胞群对SEA再次刺激则表现出免疫无能。体外初次、再次刺激也分别获得与体内实验相同的结果。表明超抗原SEA可选择性地取用Vβ3+ CD4+ T细胞群并对其发生增殖 ,即超抗原SEA对CD4+ T细胞TCRVβ链的取用格局各有不同。     

分子构效关系研究的模式识别方法

定量构效关系 QSAR是研究并揭示物质结构和活性之间的联系 ,近年来有广泛的研究与应用。在一定程度上 ,联系揭示的是一种模式识别的问题 ,本文介绍了在此类研究中所涉及到的模式识别方法 ,并作了一些前景展望     

病原相关分子模式和损伤相关分子模式在免疫炎症反应中的作用

病原相关分子模式(PAMP)和损伤相关分子模式(DAMP)是与免疫学息息相关的两个分子.DAMP是组织或细胞受到损伤和低氧等因素刺激后释放到细胞间或血液循环中的一类物质;PAMP则是病原体上的分子结构.两者均被模式识别受体(PRR)识别引起免疫应答.目前,已经有研究表明,DAMP和PAMP与慢性炎症疾病和自身免疫性疾病有关.本文就PAMP和DAMP分子在免疫炎症反应中的作用作一综述.     

51例高龄急性心肌梗死死亡病例的临床分析

目的分析高龄急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的住院死亡原因及相关危险因素。方法选择1999年1月～2003年12月住院年龄≥70岁的AMI患者459例,分为死亡病例组(51例)和非死亡病例组(408例)。对病史资料进行回顾性研究,比较两组临床特征,记录死亡原因,分析死亡高危因素。结果5年间年龄≥70岁AMI患者住院总病死率11.1%。死于心力衰竭15例(29.4%),心源性休克13例(25.5%),致死性心律失常-室颤8例(15.7%),心脏破裂6例(11.8%),肺部感染-呼吸衰竭6例(11.8%),急性肺栓塞和脑卒中3例(5.9%),其中31例(60.8%)死于入院48h内。死亡病例组前壁心梗、既往心梗、心衰和糖尿病史4项临床特征明显高于非死亡病例组,有统计学意义。结论高龄AMI患者死亡率高,死亡多发生于病程早期,心力衰竭、心源性休克和室颤是主要死因,前壁心梗、既往心梗、心衰和糖尿病史是死亡的重要危险因素。     

Vascular flow patterns of hepatic tumors in contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional fusion ultrasonography using plane shift and opacity control modes.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine whether contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional (3D) fusion ultrasonography with combined use of the plane shift and opacity control modes can serve as a useful tool for identifying the vascular characteristics of hepatic tumors in 3D perspective. METHODS: Contrast-enhanced 3D fusion ultrasonography was performed in 31 patients with hepatic tumors after the intravenous injection of contrast media. The shapes, courses, and distributions of tumor vessels, displayed in 3D perspective, were examined to identify the characteristic vascular flow patterns of various tumors. Images before and after contrast media administration were compared for evaluation of the effectiveness of contrast enhancement with regard to tumor diameter for various types of tumors. The images were interpreted in a blinded manner by 3 physicians specializing in abdominal ultrasonography, and vascular flow patterns were determined on the basis of consensus. RESULTS: The characteristic vascular flow patterns observed in hepatocellular carcinomas are reticular flow within the tumor and flow showing a ringlike distribution surrounding the tumor. Metastatic tumors show a vascular flow pattern running between adjacent tumor nodules, and hemangiomas show localized nodular flow at the tumor margins. Contrast enhancement was found to be useful for showing the vascular flow patterns in small hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangiomas. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced 3D fusion ultrasonography makes it possible to display images combining the plane shift and opacity control modes to show tumor vessels, including minute vascular flow within hepatic tumors, in 3D perspective and to identify tumor-specific vascular flow patterns.