中国东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童口腔细菌学检测分析

目的了解东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童龋齿的流行情况,并分析导致龋齿的细菌因素,为进一步预防及控制龋齿提供依据。方法选取3个民族的100名5岁儿童和165名12岁儿童,由口腔专业医师按照世界卫生组织的诊断标准及方法进行龋齿检查、测定唾液和牙菌斑中变异链球菌水平以及对牙菌斑的细菌学涂片进行分析。结果东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童龋齿患病率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5岁儿童唾液中的变异链球菌水平东乡族以2级(32.0%)和3级(56.0%)为主,裕固族以0级(60.0%)和1级(32.0%)为主,两者间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);12岁儿童唾液中的变异链球菌水平东乡族以3级为主(48.0%),保安族以2级(27.3%)和3级为主(38.2%),裕固族以0级(48.3%)和1级为主(33.3%),3组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同一民族12岁儿童4个牙菌斑部位的变异链球菌分布及程度较一致,但东乡族儿童牙菌斑的变异链球菌水平以2级和3级为主,保安族和裕固族儿童均以0级和1级为主,不同民族间4个牙菌斑部位变异链球菌水平的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。各族5岁儿童与12岁儿童正常牙的牙菌斑细菌含量球菌和杆菌比例的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),但龋齿的牙菌斑细菌含量为球菌比例升高、杆菌比例下降,其中5岁儿童正常牙与龋齿的球菌和杆菌比例的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论东乡族、保安族、裕固族儿童的龋齿患病率较低,东乡族儿童唾液和正常牙的牙菌斑中变异链球菌数量较多,各族儿童患龋后口腔细菌中球菌和杆菌的数量发生明显变化。     

广西沿海及沿边地区霍乱疫源监测

目的分析广西沿海及沿边地区的霍乱疫源监测资料，为霍乱监控关口前移提供依据。方法2004～2006年间在沿海及沿边地区建立了包括15个市（县）在内的监测网络，开展腹泻病人粪便、重点人群粪便、水体、食品和其它外环境等标本的检索，收集监测数据，对检出菌株进行复核、噬菌体生物分型及毒力基因检测。结果2004～2006年期间未报告人间霍乱疫情。15个监测点检索腹泻病人粪便116815份、重点人群粪便72327份、水体7632份、食品12739份及其它外环境标本2510份，从1113份水产品标本中检出9株霍乱弧菌（检出率0．81％），海产品及水体未检出阳性。9株霍乱弧菌除1株为0139血清群外，其余8株均为01群埃尔托霍乱弧菌，其中稻叶型占75．00％：9株菌均为非流行株或非产毒株，8株01群埃尔托型霍乱弧菌中24K占75．00％、30K占25．00％。结论水产品是广西霍乱监控的重点，提示应加强对水产品的检索，并教育群众不生食或半生食水产品。     

改良法腰交感神经节毁损术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎的可行性

目的探索数字减影机引导下以无水乙醇行L2交感神经节毁损术治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的可行性。方法血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者48例，随机分为2组，改良法L2交感神经节毁损组（试验组）和传统的化学性腰交感神经节毁损组（对照组），每组24例，试验组行L2交感神经节阻滞取代两节或多节传统的无水乙醇阻滞，并使针尖置于L2～3椎间盘前外侧缘而非传统方法的椎体中间，对照组则用传统方法行L2、L3交感神经节毁损，两组患者治疗前后进行VAS、临床疗效、术中参数及并发症的比较。结果术后两组患者疼痛均明显缓解，临床疗效均较好，两组比较无统计学差异，但试验组较对照组操作省时，毁损药量少、接触X线时间短，并发症少。结论L2交感神经节毁损术治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎是一种安全有效、简单易行的方法。     

某高校各民族学生乙型肝炎病毒感染调查

目的了解不同民族大学生乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染情况。方法对中南民族大学2007年入学的4015名大学生用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测乙肝5项,进行统计学分析。结果HBsAg总阳性率为4.31%,壮族学生的HBsAg阳性率(11.5%)明显高于汉族(3.75%),男生HBsAg阳性率(6.21%)明显高于女生(2.54%)。结论乙型肝炎病毒感染率在不同民族学生间有差异性。     

西部汉区少数民族大学生疏离感状况研究

目的对西部汉族地区少数民族大学生进行调查研究,以期得出西部汉区少数民族大学生疏离感状况。方法采用《大学生疏离感量表》随机对西部汉族地区520名少数民族大学生进行调查研究。结果少数民族大学生存在一定程度的疏离感,其中社会疏离感和人际疏离感较高;少数民族大学生疏离感在以年级划分的分组上差异较显著,表现出从低到高,再从高到低的年级发展变化趋势;对以现居住地和在汉区居住年限划分的分组上在大多数因素方面差异不显著。结论居住西部汉区的少数民族大学生存在着一定的疏离感,在社会人际因素以及年级区分上表现明显。     

Norfloxacin (MK-0366, AM-715): In vitro activity and cross-resistance with other organic acids including quality control limits for disk diffusion testing

Norfloxacin is a new organic acid antimicrobic with an expanded spectrum that includes Staphylococcus spp, most Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ssp anitratus, some streptococci, as well as nearly all enteric bacilli. The drug appears to be bactericidal. Its expanded spectrum suggests that it should be tested separately by disk diffusion or other susceptibility testing methods. Tentative norfloxacin disk test quality control limits were derived from the results of a multi-laboratory study: Escherichia coli, 28–36 mm; S. aureus, 17–28 mm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 22–29 mm.     

Extracerebrale gliome im gesichtscbereich

Zusammenfassung Drei Fälle mit Gliomen im Gesichtsbereich werden geschildert und an Hand des vorliegenden Schrifttums die Pathogenese erörtert. Es handelt sich um Tumoren in der Stirnhöhle, am temporalen Augenunterlid und an der Retina. Alle Tumoren wurden vorweigend durch Astrocyten aufgebaut. Im Tumor des Augenunterlides wurden ferner markhaltige Nervenfasern und Ganglienzellen beobachtet. Da in den ersten beiden Fällen ein konnatales Auftreten angenommen werden konnte, wurde hier ein gleiches pathogenetisches Prinzip im Sinne einer frühembryonalen Encephalocelenbildung vermutet. Dabei muß sich neurogenes Gewebe abgespaltet haben. Nach der Geburt entwickelte sich ein blastomatöses Wachstum. Den Tumor der Stirnhöhle möchten wir den sogenannten nasalen Gliomen und den Tumor am Augenlid den sogenannten Retina-Anlage-Tumoren zuordnen. Bei dem von der Retina ausgehenden Gliom wird auf Grund des späten Manifestationsalters und der Tendenz zur Cystenbildung ein Tumor im Sinne eines cerebralen Astrocytoms vermutet.

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Extracerebral gliomas in the facial region

Summary Three cases of gliomas in the facial region have been presented and with a review of literature their pathogenesis was discussed. The tumors were localized in the sinus frontalis, the temporal lower eyelid, and in the vitreous body in connection with the retina. All tumors consisted mainly in astrocytes. In the tumor of the lower eyelid additional myelinated nerve fibres and nerve cells were seen. The first two cases probably were of connatal origin and therefore a common pathogenetic principle was suggested. We supposed an encephalocele-like herniation in the early fetal development. At the same time neurogenic tissue could have been separated. Postnatally, the tissue showed a blastomatous development. We include the tumor of the sinus frontalis in the nasal gliomas and the tumor of the lower eyelid in the retina-anlage-tumors. We suggested that the third tumor, which was fixed on the retina, was comparable with a cerebral astrocytoma because of the age of manifestation and the tendency to develop cysts.

Gewidmet Herrn Prof. Dr. B. Ostertag zum 75. Geburstag.     

Epidemiology of HIV infection among Israeli Arabs

OBJECTIVE: Israeli Arab citizens comprise Israel's largest minority group (15.6% of Israelis>12 years old). The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in this group for the first time at a national level, and to identify health promotion and treatment needs. METHODS: All HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases among Israeli Arab citizens that were notified to the Ministry of Health between 1985 and 2002 were analysed and compared with other Israelis (excluding immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa and their children). RESULTS: Twenty-five AIDS cases and 51 HIV-positive cases were notified in adult/adolescent Israeli Arabs, (3.4% of all adult/adolescent cases). In addition, four child cases were reported. The cumulative rates for Arab and non-Arab Israelis were 10.1 and 37.8/100,000, respectively. The gender ratios (male/female) were 3.3 and 4.4 for AIDS cases and HIV cases, respectively. The median age was 31.5 years [interquartile range (IQR)=12] for AIDS cases and 30 (IQR=12) for HIV cases. Modes of transmission were heterosexual contact (34%), intravenous drug use (21%), male homosexual contact (19%), unknown (14%), haemophilia (6%), children of at-risk parents (4%) and blood (2%). The mean interval from HIV notification to AIDS diagnosis was 1.5 years until 1998 and 2.8 years thereafter. Knowledge, attitudes and practices studies on AIDS in Arabs are also discussed in this article. CONCLUSION: HIV prevalence is lower in Arab Israelis than in non-Arab Israelis and Arabs residing in neighbouring countries. Nevertheless, the shorter interval from HIV notification to AIDS diagnosis in Arab Israelis suggests a lower rate of HIV testing and diagnosis at a later stage of infection. Patterns of transmission in Arab Israelis need further evaluation, including behavioural surveys.     

How experiences and attitudes relating to female circumcision vary according to age on arrival in Britain: a study among young Somalis in London

Objective. To examine the association between age on arrival in Britain and experiences and attitudes relating to female circumcision among young, single Somalis living in London.

Design. The study population consisted of single male and female Somalis aged 16–22 years living in the Greater London area. Quantitative data were collected using a cross‐sectional survey based on snowball sampling aiming to obtain data on 100 males and 100 females. Qualitative data were collected from 10 males and 10 infibulated females.

Results. Quantitative data were obtained for 94 females and 80 males. Living in Britain from a younger age was associated with increased assimilation in terms of language, dress and socialising. Seventy per cent of the females reported being circumcised with two‐thirds of operations being infibulation. Those who were living in Britain before the usual age range for circumcision (before age six) were less likely to be circumcised (42%) than those who arrived after the usual age range for circumcision (11 or older) (91%). During in‐depth interviews, health and sexual problems due to female circumcision were described with great emotion and interviewees acknowledged the association between the importance of virginity for marriage and circumcision. Half of males who arrived aged 11 or older wanted a circumcised wife compared with less than a quarter of those who arrived at a younger age. Eighteen per cent of female respondents and 43% of males intended to circumcise any daughters. Females were less likely than males to agree with the assumptions about sexuality and religion that underpin the practice. Substantial proportions of respondents perceived that their parents' expectations in terms of marriage and circumcision were more traditional than their own.

Conclusion. Living in Britain from a younger age appears to be associated with abandonment of female circumcision and with changes in the underlying beliefs on sexuality, marriage and religion that underpin it. Groups identified with more traditional views towards female circumcision include males, older generations, new arrivals and those who show few signs of social assimilation.     

The Los Angeles Lift Off: a sociocultural environmental change intervention to integrate physical activity into the workplace

PURPOSE: To present the development and feasibility testing of a sociocultural environmental change intervention strategy aimed at integrating physical activity into workplace routine. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, post-test only, intervention trial. Setting. Los Angeles County Department of Health Services' worksites. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-nine employees, predominantly sedentary, overweight, middle-aged women of color, distributed across 26 meetings. INTERVENTION: A single 10-min exercise break during work time involving moderate intensity, low-impact aerobic dance and calisthenic movements to music. MEASURES: Primary-level of participation, particularly among sedentary staff; secondary-self-perceived health status, satisfaction with current fitness level, and mood/affective state. RESULTS: More than 90% of meeting attendees participated in the exercises. Among completely sedentary individuals, intervention participants' self-perceived health status ratings were significantly lower than controls' (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.60; P = 0.0003). Among all respondents not regularly physically active, intervention participants' levels of satisfaction with fitness were more highly correlated with self-ranked physical activity stage of change (r = 0.588) than the control participants' (r = 0.376, z = -2.32, p = 0.02). Among the completely sedentary, control participants reported significantly higher levels of energy than did intervention participants (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Captive audiences may be engaged in brief bouts of exercise as a part of the workday, regardless of physical activity level or stage of change. This experience may also appropriately erode sedentary individuals' self-perception of good health and fitness, providing motivation for adoption of more active lifestyles.