老年高血压患者药物治疗期间配合健康教育对患者遵医行为的影响

目的:分析老年高血压患者药物治疗期间配合健康教育对患者遵医行为的影响。方法:从本院2017年5月至2019年9月收治的患者中选取出60例患者作为本次研究的主要对象,并根据随机数字表法对患者进行分组,常规组30例,观察组30例。予以常规组患者药物治疗配合常规护理,予以观察组患者药物治疗配合健康教育。对两组患者治疗前后的血压控制情况,以及患者的生活质量评分和遵医行为进行对比。结果:两组患者治疗前,收缩压以及舒张压水平无显著差异(P>0.05);治疗后,与常规组患者相比,观察组患者的舒张压以及收缩压明显较低(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前,生活质量评分无显著差异(P>0.05);治疗后,与常规组患者相比,观察组患者的生活质量评分明显较高(P<0.05)。观察组患者干预后的遵医行为明显优于常规组(P<0.05)。结论:通过给予老年高血压患者药物治疗并配合健康教育护理措施干预,能够使患者的血压水平得到明显控制,并提高患者生活质量,具有临床推广价值。     

家庭正向行为支持方案的构建及应用研究

目的 构建家庭正向行为支持（positive behavior support,PBS）方案,并探讨其在学龄前恶性肿瘤患儿情绪行为影响中的应用效果。方法 以家庭系统理论为框架构建家庭PBS方案,选取2019年3月—2020年2月于重庆市某三级甲等儿童医院就诊的100例学龄前恶性肿瘤患儿为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为试验组（n=50）和对照组（n=50）。试验组在常规护理基础上接受为期3个月的家庭PBS方案,对照组实施常规护理。比较两组干预前后家庭亲密度与适应性量表得分、养育心理灵活性问卷得分及长处与困难问卷得分。结果 两组干预后长处与困难问卷得分低于干预前（均P<0.001）,家庭亲密度与适应性量表得分高于干预前（均P<0.001）;试验组干预后养育心理灵活性问卷得分高于干预前（P<0.001）;干预后试验组长处与困难问卷得分低于对照组（P<0.001）,家庭亲密度与适应性量表得分和养育心理灵活性问卷得分高于对照组（均P<0.05）。结论 应用家庭PBS方案可减少学龄前恶性肿瘤患儿情绪行为问题的发生,改善家庭亲密度与适应性,提高父母养育心理灵活性。     

减重代谢术后患者饮食体验的系统评价

目的 系统评价肥胖症患者减重代谢术后的饮食体验的研究,全面了解其存在的饮食问题与管理需求,为更好地开展临床医疗工作提供依据。 方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、CINAHL、PsycINFO、中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库。搜集有关肥胖症患者减重代谢术后饮食体验的质性研究,检索年限为建库至2021年1月。采用澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准评价文献质量,采用汇集性整合的方法进行结果整合。 结果 共纳入18项研究,提炼39个结果,归纳为7个类别,综合为4个整合结果。①减重代谢术后患者进食状态的变化:饮食方式的变化、饮食管理阶段的变化;②减重代谢术后积极的进食策略;③减重代谢术后消极的进食体验和不良饮食行为:消极的进食体验、不良饮食行为及原因;④减重代谢术后患者寻求多方面的饮食管理支持:医护人员的饮食管理支持、家人和朋友的饮食管理支持、社会组织的饮食管理支持。 结论 医护人员应重视患者在减重代谢术后已出现的或可能会出现的饮食问题,根据相关原因,有针对性的提供支持与帮助以应对术后饮食挑战,指导患者建立正确的饮食行为,实现并维持最佳的减重效果,提高生活质量。     

Measuring sensitivity moment-by-moment: A microanalytic look at the transmission of attachment

Meta-analyses have indicated that the mediating power of sensitivity in the transmission of attachment across generations is not nearly as great as would be predicted by attachment theory (van IJzendoorn, 1995; De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997). To make sense of these findings, the author suggests that current measures of sensitivity should be expanded to include the assessment of mother-infant behavior on a micro-behavioral level. This paper reviews evidence for two central propositions: (1) The internal working model of mothers is expressed in subtle, fine-grained interactive behaviors with their infants, and (2) infants perceive and remember these behaviors in the form of interactional expectancies. Following these propositions, hypothesized representational micromodels for each major attachment organization are then offered, based on the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) approach to information processing. In closing, this paper presents some of the most pressing unresolved issues for attachment researchers as they seek to empirically identify the mechanisms by which attachment is transmitted across generations.     

家庭访视对肾病综合征患儿遵医行为的影响

目的：探讨家庭访视对肾病综合征患儿遵医行为的影响,以期对家庭访视进行评价。方法随机选取40例肾病综合征患儿为研究对象且按随机数字表法和1：1的比例将其随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各20例。两组患儿均建立随访档案,其中对照组采取出院常规指导、接受电话询问、定期复诊,观察组采取家庭访视,同时对两组患儿的遵医行为和肾病综合征复发率进行观察与对比。结果观察组患儿按时按量服药、合理饮食、按时复诊、定期检查等遵医行为优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;观察组复发率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论家庭访视能显著提高肾病综合征患儿的遵医行为,降低其复发率,值得临床推广运用。     

Disparity of human immunodeficiency virus incidence and drug resistance in college student,non-student youth and older men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study from seven major cities of China

Background:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among student men who have sex with men (MSM) in college is more than 5.0% and keeps on increasing in China. This study aims to clarify the proportion of HIV recent infection, its propeller and the source among college student MSM.Methods:We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study in seven major Chinese cities during 2012-2013. HIV recent infections (≤ 168 days) and incidence was measured and estimated by BED HIV-1 capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) testing strategy. HIV-related behaviors and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) were investigated and compared between the college student MSM, <25-year-old non-student youth MSM (NSYM), and ≥25-year-old non-student non-youth MSM (NSNYM), using structured survey, and analyses of drug resistance.Results:Overall, 4,496 (4496/4526, 99.3%) were eligible for enrollment, comprising 565 college student MSM, 1,094 NSYM, and 2,837 NSNYM. The proportion of HIV recent infection were 70.3% (26/37), 50.8% (65/128) and 35.1% (95/271), the HIV incidence rate were 10.0 (95% CI: 6.2-13.9)/100PY, 12.9 (95% CI: 9.8-16.1)/100PY, 6.8 (95% CI: 5.4-8.2)/100PY, and TDR prevalence were 7.4% (2/27), 2.0%, (2/98) and 4.9% (11/226), among student MSM, NSYM, and NSNYM, respectively. Among HIV positive student MSM with age< 21-year-old, the proportion of HIV recent infection is 90.9% (10/11). Factors independently associated with HIV recent infection in student MSM was usage of recreational drug in the past 6 months (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.0–5.8).Conclusions:College student MSM had higher proportion of HIV recent infection and TDR than the youth and older MSM in China during 2012-2013. The HIV infections were more likely to happen during the early year of college life among student MSM.     

Identification of dietary patterns of adolescents attending public schools

Objectiveto identify the dietary patterns of adolescents attending public municipal schools in Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to test the association between these patterns and socioeconomic variables and nutritional status of the adolescents.Methodsthis was an analytical, cross-sectional study with randomized sample of 474 adolescents of both genders, between 11 and 17 years of age, attending municipal public schools in the urban area of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The parents provided demographic and economic data. The nutritional status (body mass index - BMI) of the adolescents was determined at school, and their dietary habits were assessed though the administration of the Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adolescents (FFQA). Based on 26 categories extracted from FFQA, dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) and associated to anthropometric and socioeconomic factors using multiple regression analysis.Resultsthe three dietary patterns identified, “junk food,” “healthy,” and “traditional”, explained 23.26%, 6.90%, and 5.24% of data variability, respectively. Adolescents with per capita family income exceeding half a minimum wage were more likely to consume the “junk food” pattern (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.07-2.56), and overweight adolescents had lower chances of eating the “healthy” food pattern (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.35-0.91).Conclusionsdeviations from the “healthy” patterns were not associated to low income, but rather to bad eating habits in the studied population. Overweight adolescents did not adhere to the “healthy” dietary pattern, emphasizing the need for nutritional education among them.     

Getting nervous about immunity

Twenty-five years ago, immunologists and neuroscientists had little science of mutual interest. This is no longer the case. Neuroscientists now know that the first formally defined cytokine, IL-1, activates a discrete population of hypothalamic neurons. This interaction leads to the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland, a hormone that has a long history in immunoregulation. Immunologists have been surprised to learn that lymphoid cells synthesize acetylcholine, the first formally recognized neurotransmitter. This neurotransmitter suppresses the synthesis of TNF. These discoveries blur the distinction of neuroscience and immunology as distinct disciplines. There are now 37 formally recognized cytokines and their receptors, and at least 60 classical neurotransmitters plus over 50 neuroactive peptides. These findings explain why both immunologists and neuroscientists are getting nervous about immunity and highlight a real need to apply integrative physiological approaches in biomedical research.