2022 ~ 2023年江苏省地区抗菌药物实施国家集中带量采购的效果分析

目的：分析国家药品集采政策对江苏地区中选抗菌药物的影响。方法：选取第七批国家集中采购的5种抗菌药物,对比江苏地区2022年前三个季度与2023年同期的销售情况,描述性分析抗菌药物集采的实施效果。结果及结论：进行集采后,生产厂家减少、主要生产厂家发生更替;临床上DDDs上升明显,DDDc普遍下降了60%至80%;中选抗菌药物在销售量普遍上升的情况下,销售额平均下降了60%以上,药品价格下降明显。     

Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia and Febrile Neutropenia in the US: A Beast of Burden That Needs to Be Tamed?

Neutropenia and febrile neutropenia (FN) are common complications of myelosuppressive chemotherapy. This review provides an up-to-date assessment of the patient and cost burden of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia/FN in the US, and summarizes recommendations for FN prophylaxis, including the interim guidance that was recommended during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This review indicates that neutropenia/FN place a significant burden on patients in terms of hospitalizations and mortality. Most patients with neutropenia/FN presenting to the emergency department will be hospitalized, with an average length of stay of 6, 8, and 10 days for elderly, pediatric, and adult patients, respectively. Reported in-hospital mortality rates for neutropenia/FN range from 0.4% to 3.0% for pediatric patients with cancer, 2.6% to 7.0% for adults with solid tumors, and 7.4% for adults with hematologic malignancies. Neutropenia/FN also place a significant cost burden on US healthcare systems, with average costs per neutropenia/FN hospitalization estimated to be up to $40 000 for adult patients and $65 000 for pediatric patients. Evidence-based guidelines recommend prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs), which have been shown to reduce FN incidence while improving chemotherapy dose delivery. Availability of biosimilars may improve costs of care. Efforts to decrease hospitalizations by optimizing outpatient care could reduce the burden of neutropenia/FN; this was particularly pertinent during the COVID-19 pandemic since avoidance of hospitalization was needed to reduce exposure to the virus, and resulted in the adaptation of recommendations to prevent FN, which expanded the indications for G-CSF and/or lowered the threshold of use to >10% risk of FN.     

Liquid Biopsy at Home: Delivering Precision Medicine for Patients with Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic

CoronaVirus disease-2019 has changed the delivery of health care worldwide and the pandemic has challenged oncologists to reorganize cancer care. Recently, progress has been made in the field of precision medicine to provide to patients with cancer the best therapeutic choice for their individual needs. In this context, the Foundation Medicine (FMI)-Liquid@Home project has emerged as a key weapon to deal with the new pandemic situation. FoundationOne Liquid Assay (F1L) is a next-generation sequences-based liquid biopsy service, able to detect 324 molecular alterations and genomic signatures, from May 2020 available at patients’ home (FMI-Liquid@Home). We analyzed time and costs saving for patients with cancer, their caregivers and National Healthcare System (NHS) with FMI-Liquid@Home versus F1L performed at our Department. Different variables have been evaluated. Between May 2020 and August 2021, 218 FMI-Liquid@Home were performed for patients with cancer in Italy. Among these, our Department performed 153 FMI-Liquid@Home with the success rate of 98% (vs. 95% for F1L in the hospital). Time saving for patients and their caregivers was 494.86 and 427.36 hours, respectively, and costs saving was 13 548.70€. Moreover, for working people these savings were 1084.71 hours and 31 239.65€, respectively. In addition, the total gain for the hospital was 163.5 hours and 6785€, whereas for NHS was 1084.71 hours and 51 573.60€, respectively. FMI-Liquid@Home service appears to be useful and convenient allowing time and costs saving for patients, caregivers, and NHS. Born during the COVID-19 pandemic, it could be integrated in oncological daily routine in the future. Therefore, additional studies are needed to better understand the overall gain and how to integrate this service in different countries.     

两种方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效及成本-效益比较研究

目的评价两种治疗方案对于晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效,探讨最具经济效益的治疗方案。方法采用随机、对照研究方法,将晚期NSCLC首治带瘤患者随机分为化疗组和中医综合组。以有效率、疾病控制率、生存期作为衡量指标,观察两种方案治疗两周期后的经济成本效益。结果治疗后化疗组和中医综合组的有效率分别为4.0%、16.0%,疾病控制率分别为28.0%、36.0%;直接成本分别为21 930.92(元)、23 642.24(元);有效率的成本/效益比分别为5 482.73、1 477.64;疾病控制率的成本/效益比分别为783.25、656.73;生存期的成本/效益比分别为38.07、25.61。增量分析法提示以化疗组作为参照,中医综合组的△C/△E有效、△C/△E疾病控制、△C/△E生存期为142.61、213.92、4.93。结论中医综合方案治疗晚期NSCLC,与化疗相比较,虽轻度增加成本,但可获得更好的有效率及较长的生存期,是一种经济、有效的治疗方案。     

某三甲医院2006年～2008年医疗质量成本之预防成本状况分析

从全面质量管理的层面上,运朋医疗质量成本理论对某三甲医院2006年--2008年医疗质量成本中的预防成本总额及其构成比例进行研究,了解该院预防成本结构状况,为该院进一步优化预防成本结构提供依据。     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of a multinational RCT with a binary measure of effectiveness and an interacting covariate

In a recent multinational randomized clinical trial, 1356 patients from 14 countries were randomized between two arms. The primary measure of effectiveness was 30-day survival. Health care utilization was collected on all patients and was combined with a single country's price weights to provide patient-level cost data. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the cost-effectiveness analysis for the country that provided the cost weights, so as to provide a case study for illustrating recently proposed methodologies that account for skewed cost data, the between-country variation in treatment effects, possible interactions between treatment and baseline covariates, and the difficulty of estimated adjusted risk differences. A hierarchal model is used to account for the two sources of variation (between country and between patients, within a country). The model, which uses gamma distributions for cost data and recent methods for estimating adjusted risk differences, provides overall and country-specific estimates of treatment effects. Model estimation is facilitated by Markov chain Monte Carlo methods using the WinBUGS software. In addition, the theory of expected value of information is used to determine if the data provided by the trial are sufficient for decision making.     

Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure Associated with Physical Inactivity,Excessive Weight,and Obesity in China: Quantile Regression Approach

IntroductionPrevious studies exploring associations of physical inactivity, obesity, and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) mainly used traditional linear regression, and little is known about the effect of both physical inactivity and obesity on OOPE across the percentile distribution. This study aims to assess the effects of physical inactivity and obesity on OOPE in China using a quantile regression approach.MethodsStudy participants included 10,687 respondents aged 45 years and older from the recent wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2015. Linear regression and quantile regression models were used to examine the association of physical activity, body weight with annual OOPE.ResultsOverall, the proportion of overweight and obesity was 33.2% and 5.8%, respectively. The proportion of individuals performing high-level, moderate-level, and low-level physical activity was 55.2%, 12.7%, and 32.1%, respectively. The effects of low-level physical activity on annual OOPE were small at the bottom quantiles but more pronounced at higher quantiles. Respondents with low-level activity had an increased annual OOPE of 26.9 USD, 150.3 USD, and 1,534.4 USD, at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, respectively, compared with those with high-level activity. The effects of overweight and obesity on OOPE were also small at the bottom quantiles but more pronounced at higher quantiles.ConclusionInterventions that improve the lifestyles and unhealthy behaviors among people with obesity and physical inactivity are likely to yield substantial financial gains for the individual and health systems in China.     

Costs of seasonal influenza vaccination in South Africa

BackgroundInfluenza accounts for a substantial number of deaths and hospitalisations annually in South Africa. To address this disease burden, the South African National Department of Health introduced a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination programme in 2010.MethodsWe adapted and populated the WHO Seasonal Influenza Immunization Costing Tool (WHO SIICT) with country‐specific data to estimate the cost of the influenza vaccination programme in South Africa. Data were obtained through key‐informant interviews at different levels of the health system and through a review of existing secondary data sources. Costs were estimated from a public provider perspective and expressed in 2018 prices. We conducted scenario analyses to assess the impact of different levels of programme expansion and the use of quadrivalent vaccines on total programme costs.ResultsTotal financial and economic costs were estimated at approximately USD 2.93 million and USD 7.91 million, respectively, while financial and economic cost per person immunised was estimated at USD 3.29 and USD 8.88, respectively. Expanding the programme by 5% and 10% increased economic cost per person immunised to USD 9.36 and USD 9.52 in the two scenarios, respectively. Finally, replacing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) with quadrivalent vaccine increased financial and economic costs to USD 4.89 and USD 10.48 per person immunised, respectively.ConclusionWe adapted the WHO SIICT and provide estimates of the total costs of the seasonal influenza vaccination programme in South Africa. These estimates provide a basis for planning future programme expansion and may serve as inputs for cost‐effectiveness analyses of seasonal influenza vaccination programmes.     

医院科室预算编制方法的创新

通过对科室预算的编制形式、编制流程的探讨,明确科室预算的编制标准和操作细则。提出编制医院科室预算的具体方案,辅助医院年度经营计划的顺利实施,提高科室的工作绩效。