Nursing Students' Attitudes Towards Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia

In 1991/92, 289 students from four different schools of nursing in Norway participated in a case-related attitudes test. The nursing students answered questions concerning their personal views on the moral and legal implications of either assisting suicide or performing euthanasia. They also indicated whether they thermselves were willing to perform these acts. The results were compared with responses from a study on students from other faculties in 1988. The findings suggested that nursing students were significantly (p < 0.0005) more restrictive than the other students in their attitudes towards voluntary active euthanasia (VAE). Factors that influenced the nursing students' attitudes towards VAE were measured by the index of VAE. Religious belief (p < 0.0001), conservative political view (p < 0.01), and the perception of life as meaningful (p < 0.02) were the best predictors of the dependent variable.     

Mature-age entrants to medical school: a controlled study of sociodemographic characteristics, career choice and job satisfaction

A comparison of 121 mature-age and 270 normal-age entrants who graduated from the University of Queensland Medical School between 1972 and 1987 shows that mature-age entrants are some 7 years older, are more likely to come from public (state) schools and less likely to have parents in professional/technical occupations. Otherwise, the two groups were similar in terms of gender, marital status, number of children, ethnic background and current practice location. The educational background of mature-age entrants prior to admission includes 44.6% with degrees in health-science areas and 31.4% with degrees in non-health areas. Reasons for delayed entry of mature-age entrants include late consideration of medicine as a career (34.7%), financial problems (31.4%), dissatisfaction with previous career (30.6%), poor academic results (19.8%), or a combination of the above factors. Motivations to study medicine include family influences (more so in normal-age entrants), altruistic reasons (more so in mature-age entrants) and a variety of personal/social factors such as intellectual satisfaction, prestige and financial security (similar for both groups) and parental expectations (more so in normal-age entrants). Mature-age entrants experienced greater stress throughout the medical course, especially with regard to financial difficulties, loneliness/isolation from the students and family problems (a greater proportion were married with children). While whole-course grades were similar in both groups, normal-age entrants tended to win more undergraduate honours/prizes and postgraduate diplomas/degrees, including specialist qualifications. Practice settings were similar in terms of group private practice, hospital/clinic practice or medical administration, but there was a greater proportion of mature-age entrants in solo private practice, and a smaller proportion in teaching/research. If given the time over, some two-thirds of both groups would choose medicine as a career. Reasons for job satisfaction include helping patients, intellectual stimulation and financial rewards. Reasons for dissatisfaction include pressure of work, red-tape/paperwork, 'doctor-bashing', long working hours, emotional strain, financial pressure, unfulfilled career expectations and irritation with trivial medical complaints.     

The short-term stability of student ratings of instruction in medical school

The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of consistency in student ratings of teacher effectiveness during the first year of medical school. Student ratings of teaching effectiveness represent a commonly used source of information that enters into the academic decision-making process. In medical school, student evaluations often represent a major source of information that is used in promotion and tenure decisions. It is essential that the precision of such ratings be ascertained so that decision-makers will know how much confidence to place in this source of information on teaching effectiveness. In this study, each member of a first-year medical school class was randomly assigned a two-digit identification number at the beginning of the spring semester, 1986. As the semester progressed students were asked to evaluate each full-time teacher in three major courses. Multiple instructors were utilized in each course (n = 10). Each teacher was evaluated immediately after lectures during the first (T1) and second (T2) halves of the course. Students evaluated the teacher a third time (T3) as part of the end-of-semester overall course evaluation. The teachers were evaluated on a short eight-item Likert-type scale that identified several key indicators of effective teaching. Students attached their anonymous identification numbers to individual ratings so that their responses could be matched in the analysis. The results indicate that medical students are only moderately consistent in the extent to which they evaluate teachers. This inconsistency varied by course and by instructors within courses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

舟山海岛学生的碘营养状况对照研究

目的 :　海岛学生饮食结构中含有碘丰富的海产品。本研究旨在了解海岛学生的碘营养状况 ,评价食盐补碘的利弊。方法 :　对定海农村 (食用碘盐 )和岱山农村 (不食用碘盐 )的学校中随机抽取的 1 2个班级 ,对碘盐组和非碘盐组的饮食碘摄入和尿碘水平等变量进行描述 ,并分别以尿碘和甲状腺肿率为应变量进行单因素和多因素回归分析。结果 :　碘盐组除碘盐外每日碘摄入量中位数为 1 84μg,而不食用加碘盐的组为 1 0 5 μg,两组饮食碘摄入有显著性差异 (u=4.71 0 ,P=0 .0 0 0 ) ,而尿碘水平在食用碘盐组和不食用碘盐组分别为 1 6 9μg/L和 1 2 9μg/L,两组间有显著性差异 (u=6 .3 0 2 ,P=0 .0 0 0 )。多因素分析中性别和是否食用碘盐对尿碘水平有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 ,OR值分别为 0 .76 5 ,1 .93 3 )。甲状腺肿学生和正常学生的饮食碘和尿碘无统计学差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。Poisson回归分析中性别和是否食用碘盐对甲状腺肿率有影响 (P<0 .0 5 ,OR值分别为2 .2 5 ,3 .5 2 )。结论 :　舟山海岛学生要注意补碘过程中可能出现的碘过量问题。     

Medical student abuse: perceptions and experience

Summary. A questionnaire containing 18 vignettes of common clinical educational situations with potentially abusive treatment of medical students and a 10-item attitude assessment about abusive behaviour were administered to the first-and fourth-year medical students at a mid-west US university medical school. The first- and fourth-year groups did not differ significantly on perceived abusiveness of most of the vignettes, although several of the individual vignettes were perceived significantly differently by the two groups. As hypothesized, the fourth-year students had experienced such situations more frequently. Attitudes towards abusive behaviour did not differ between the two groups. The authors contrast teaching interactions perceived as educationally useful and not abusive with those seen as abusive and not useful and offer explanations for the differences observed. Finally, the possible implications of the results for medical education are discussed.     

高职高专院校生物化学教学体会

生物化学这门课程理论性强，内容复杂、抽象、难学难记，教学过程中如果采用灵活多样的教学手段，注意调动学生学习的主动性和积极性，即可克服学生的畏难情绪，从而提高学习效率。     

珠海城区初中生家庭亲密度与适应性的调查研究

目的:了解初中学生家庭亲密度及适应性的家庭功能及其相关因素,为家庭咨询或治疗提供客观依据。方法:采用整群、分 层、随机抽样方法,抽取珠海市4间中学的初一至初三学生714名,男362名,女352名,采用家庭亲密度和适应性量表中版(FACESⅡ-CV) 分别对初中学生及其父母进行调查,对家庭各成员自评结果进行比较,对有关影响因素进行分析。结果:学生与父母三者之间的亲密度及适 应性得分呈正相关(P<0.001),父母各自对家庭实际亲密度及适应性的评价基本一致,学生家庭实际亲密度及实际适应性评分比父母的低, 而理想适应性及不满程度得分比父母的高,差异有显著性(P<0.001)。三者的家庭“拱极模式”分布没有明显差异。家庭亲密度及适应性与 父母文化程度、家庭结构、家庭人数等因素有关。结论:影响初中生家庭亲密度及适应性因素是多方面的,学生与父母对家庭的不同感受对家 庭类型分布没有影响。     

Resuscitation training for medical students in the United Kingdom — a comparison with the United States of America

Resuscitation training for medical students and junior doctors in the United Kingdom and United States was compared using questionnaires sent to medical schools in both countries. A marked deficiency in the provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training has been demonstrated in the United Kingdom; however, in the United States, the availability of uniform certifiable teaching is now widespread. Suggestions for the improvement of training in the United Kingdom are expected to increase medical student proficiency in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The need for training in basic and advanced resuscitation prior to graduation from medical school is stressed.     

中专学生的自杀态度与自杀行为的研究

目的:探讨不同民族、年级和性别的中专学生对自杀态度的认识;对不同的自杀态度的认识对自杀意念、自杀计划和自杀企图的影响.方法:以某市两所中专学校共2032名中专学生作为调查对象进行现况调查.自杀行为的定义与问卷设计与美国CDC青年危险行为监测系统(YRBSS)相同.结果:不同民族、性别和年级的中专生对自杀态度有所不同;中专生对自杀行为性质的认识和对安乐死的态度影响自杀行为的发生.结论:加强中专生对自杀的认识有助预防中专生自杀行为的发生.     

海岛中学生心理卫生特点及相关因素分析

目的 了解海岛中学生的心理健康状况及其相关因素。方法 随机分层整群抽取海岛城镇2243名中学生，采用自制的一般情况问卷、90项症状清单及艾森克人格问卷进行测试，用SPSS软件包进行统计分析。结果 海岛城镇中学生中的非独生子女比独生子女、高中生比初中生、女生比男生、家庭居住在渔农村比居住在城镇的中学生心理健康水平要低。他们的心理障碍的发生率和SCL-90各项因子分与国内大陆某些地区的报道有所不同，本文中学生的个性特征与SCL-90各项因子分的相关分析表明海岛城镇中学生的心理健康状况与性格的内外倾向、掩饰作用呈负相关，与心理变态倾向、情绪稳定性呈正相关。本文男女生的心理障碍的发生率为16％～47％，以强迫症状为最显著。结论海岛中学生心理障碍的发生率较高，并且与大陆其它地区中学生心理健康状况有所不同。