Changes in rat dopamine- and serotonin function in vivo after prolonged administration of the specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor,citalopram

The effect of prolonged administration of the potent and specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor citalopram on behavioural measures of dopaminergic and serotonergic activity has been studied in rats. Administration of citalopram in the diet at a daily dose of 99 mol/kg led to supersensitivity to d-amphetamine-induced hypermotility and stereotypy and to subsensitivity to apomorphine-induced hypomotility 2 h after withdrawal. Forepaw clonus induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine was decreased 2 h and 24 h after withdrawal and the number of head shakes induced by 1-5-HTP and citalopram were decreased 24 h after withdrawal. The d-amphetamine potentiation was still seen after 24 h, whereas the response had returned to normal 3 and 7 days after withdrawal. The content of amphetamine in three different brain regions was about 50% higher compared with controls 24 h after withdrawal of prolonged citalopram administration. At this time citalopram had been eliminated, and citalopram itself could not affect amphetamine metabolism. Other experiments indicated a linear relation between d-amphetamine brain concentration and motility level. Thus, a 50% increase in citalopram-treated rats cannot alone account for 3-fold increase in d-amphetamine-induced motility. Potentiation of d-amphetamine-induced hypermotility was also found after citalopram in a daily dietary dose of 25 mol/kg for 13 days and after oral bolus injection (49 mol/kg twice daily for 14 days). Acute citalopram injection had no effect in any of these models. The results suggest increased responsiveness of dopaminergic mechanisms mediating hypermotility, and decreased sensitivity of dopamine receptors mediating sedation (proposed autoreceptors). Sensitivity of 5-HT receptors was also decreased. The mechanisms by which citalopram induces d-amphetamine supersensitivity as well as subsensitivity to apomorphine and 5-HT agonists are presently unknown, since no changes in dopaminergic and serotonergic receptor binding have been found after an identical dose regimen.     

公共卫生本科生实践能力培养长效机制的模型探索

目的 探索和构建公共卫生本科生实践能力培养长效机制的模型。方法 查阅文献、问卷调查和访谈以构建模型,通过对照组和干预组统计学分析和开展问卷满意度调查来分析模型的可行性,数据分析采用t检验、秩和检验,统计分析使用Stata 14软件。结果 干预组和对照组实践能力总计分数差异有统计学意义(t = 2.660,P = 0.002),综合实践能力分数差异有统计学意义（t = 6.656,P＜0.001）。学生满意度,就业机构或升学学校满意度分析均提示模型能够提升学生的实践能力。结论 模型具有可行性,为进一步提升公共卫生本科生实践能力提供了方法实践。     

海南省居家老年人长期照护服务需求调查研究

目的 了解海南省社区居家老年人长期照护服务需求现状及其影响因素,为完善精准供给策略提供参考依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取海南省10个市县2 346例老年人进行问卷调查;采用单因素及多重线性回归分析方法分析影响老年人长期照护服务需求的因素。结果 老年人长期照护服务需求总得分为（39.96±4.71）,其中,医疗保健服务需求子维度得分最高（13.35±2.21）;社会参与需求子维度得分最低（7.70±1.34）。单因素分析结果显示:性别（t = - 2.892）、年龄（F = 54.328）、户籍类型（t = - 2.749）、户籍地（t = 2.604）、婚姻状况（t = - 4.869）和文化程度（F = 10.823）对长期照护服务需求总得分有影响,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多重线性回归分析结果显示:性别（β = 0.530,95%CI:0.150～0.910）、年龄（β = 1.175,95%CI:0.908～1.443）、户籍类型（β = 0.463,95%CI:0.074～0.852）、户籍地（β = - 0.691,95%CI: - 1.356～ - 0.026）和婚姻状况（β = 0.620,95%CI:0.098～1.142）是长期照护服务需求总得分的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 不同特征老年人长期照护服务需求具有差异性,应以多样化多层次需求为导向,实现社区居家长期照护服务的精准化供给。     

我国疾病预防控制体系建设政策效力与政策效果评估

目的 评估我国疾病预防控制体系建设相关政策文件效力和实施效果,为我国疾病预防控制体系政策制定建言献策。方法 通过国家卫生健康委员会官网、“北大法宝”检索系统以“疾病预防控制”、“疾控体系”、“疾控”为主要检索词检索2003—2022年中央、国家及各部委发布的政策文件,经筛选后最终纳入52项疾病预防控制相关政策。将政策效力划分为政策力度、政策措施、政策目标3个维度,用疾病预防控制支出表示政策效果,通过构建多元线性回归模型对环境型、供给型、需求型三种不同政策工具疾病预防控制体系建设政策实施效果进行回归分析。结果 2003—2022年,我国疾控体系建设相关政策数量与总体效力值呈现平稳波动,且具有明显的正相关关系,政策平均效力值呈M型稳定变化趋势,整体水平偏低; 政策措施得分最高,政策目标次之,政策力度得分最低。相较于其他两种政策工具,环境型政策工具使用频率最高,需求型政策工具使用频率最低; 环境型(Coef.=0.732,P=0.015)、供给型(Coef.=0.64,P=0.010)、需求型(Coef.=0.523,P=0.035)三种政策工具对政策实施效果均具有促进作用,滞后期保持在1～2年; 上一年度的疾控支出对下一年度的政策效果具有促进作用(Coef.=0.74,P=0.032)。结论 我国疾病预防控制政策效力不断提高主要源于政策颁布数量的累计效应; 不同政策工具使用过程中存在不平衡、不充分问题; 三类政策工具均对我国疾病预防控制体系政策实施效果起到一定影响,且环境型政策工具最优; 疾病预防控制相关支出会强化政策实施效果,推动疾控体系建设快速发展。     

Reported Challenges in Health Technology Assessment of Complex Health Technologies

ObjectivesWith complex health technologies entering the market, methods for health technology assessment (HTA) may require changes. This study aimed to identify challenges in HTA of complex health technologies.MethodsA survey was sent to European HTA organizations participating in European Network for HTA (EUnetHTA). The survey contained open questions and used predefined potentially complex health technologies and 7 case studies to identify types of complex health technologies and challenges faced during HTA. The survey was validated, tested for reliability by an expert panel, and pilot tested before dissemination.ResultsA total of 22 HTA organizations completed the survey (67%). Advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs) and histology-independent therapies were considered most challenging based on the predefined complex health technologies and case studies. For the case studies, more than half of the reported challenges were “methodological,” equal in relative effectiveness assessments as in cost-effectiveness assessments. Through the open questions, we found that most of these challenges actually rooted in data unavailability. Data were reported as “absent,” “insufficient,” “immature,” or “low quality” by 18 of 20 organizations (90%), in particular data on quality of life. Policy and organizational challenges and challenges because of societal or political pressure were reported by 8 (40%) and 4 organizations (20%), respectively. Modeling issues were reported least often (n = 2, 4%).ConclusionsMost challenges in HTA of complex health technologies root in data insufficiencies rather than in the complexity of health technologies itself. As the number of complex technologies grows, the urgency for new methods and policies to guide HTA decision making increases.     

Suprachoroidal Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension for the Treatment of Macular Edema Associated With Uveitis in the United States: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

ObjectivesSuprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide is the first Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment for macular edema associated with uveitis. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing this treatment with best supportive care (BSC) for the management of this indication from US Medicare and commercial payer perspectives.MethodsA patient-level simulation was developed per the patient characteristics and changes in best-corrected visual acuity letter scores observed in a phase III study of triamcinolone acetonide (PEACHTREE). The wholesale acquisition cost of triamcinolone acetonide was $1650/injection; suprachoroidal injection cost was assumed at $200/injection. Healthcare costs were informed by a US claims–based analysis. Mortality risk associated with severe vision loss and blindness was modeled by applying a hazard ratio to all-cause mortality rates of the US general population. Health-related quality of life weights, obtained from a regression model fitted to the Visual Function Questionnaire-25 data from PEACHTREE, were applied based on the best-corrected visual acuity scores of both eyes. Costs (2020 US dollar) and benefits were discounted at 3% annually. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated over a 10-year horizon.ResultsIn the base-case, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparing triamcinolone acetonide with BSC was $28 479 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. The wholesale acquisition cost for triamcinolone acetonide for suprachoroidal use was ～68%, ～56%, and ～27% below the willingness-to-pay thresholds of $150 000, $100 000, and $50 000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, respectively. Results were robust in sensitivity and scenario analyses.ConclusionsTriamcinolone acetonide for suprachoroidal use is cost-effective compared with BSC for patients with macular edema associated with uveitis.     

前列平胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎湿热瘀阻证的药品临床综合评价

目的：探索前列平胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎湿热瘀阻证的药品临床综合价值,为临床基本用药管理的相关决策提供证据。方法：该研究以《药品临床综合评价管理指南（2021年版试行）》为依据,通过系统梳理前列平胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎湿热瘀阻证的现有研究,结合相关数据库资料和问卷调查结果,基于循证医学、临床流行病学、临床医学、循证药学、药物经济学、卫生统计学、卫生技术评估等学科基础,采用多准则决策分析模型（MCDA）和CSC 2.0软件,对药品的安全性、有效性、经济性、创新性、适宜性、可及性6个维度及中医药特色进行定性与定量相结合的综合评价。结果：安全性,基于国家药品不良反应监测中心自发呈报系统（SRS）、安全性文献分析、药理毒理实验报告等证据,前列平胶囊安全性等级评价为A级,安全性好。有效性,基于药理药效学研究及Meta分析结果,综合有效性证据价值及证据质量,最终有效性等级评价为B级。经济性,前列平胶囊为国家医保乙类药物,与同类中成药价格相比,前列平胶囊的日均费用属中等,服药过程中无相关费用增加,经济学研究显示前列平胶囊联合α受体阻滞剂与单用α受体阻滞剂比较,具有较好经济性。综合经济学证据质量评价和经济性...     

Three-Year Follow-Up of the POIBA Intervention on Childhood Obesity: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Childhood obesity has increased worldwide over the past four decades. This quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a multicomponent and multilevel school-based intervention (POIBA) at 3 years of follow-up. The nutrition intervention focused on food groups, food pyramid, nutrients, portions, and balanced menus. In total, 3624 children participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements and information on food frequency and behavior, physical activity, and daily screen use were collected in the intervention (IG) and comparison group (CG). Positive unadjusted changes toward adherence to recommendations were found for water, meat, sweets, and fried potato consumption, proper breakfast, not having dinner in front of the TV, out-of-school physical activity, and daily screen use. Three scores were used to calculate the proportion of children making more than one change to improve healthy habits regarding physical activity (global Activity score), nutrition (global Nutrition score), and both (global score). Students exposed to the intervention had a significantly better global Activity score (16.2% IG vs. 11.9% CG; p = 0.012) and Global score (63.9% IG vs. 58.5% CG; p = 0.025). Intervention effects on obesity incidence at 3-year follow-up lost significance but maintained the positive trend. In conclusion, school-based interventions including a family component could be useful to address the childhood obesity problem.     

Diagnostic Testing in Long-Term Care and Resident Emergency Department Visits: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between rapid access to radiographs, blood tests, urine cultures, and intravenous (IV) therapy in a long-term care (LTC) home with resident transfers to the emergency department (ED).DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting and Participants21,811 residents living in 162 LTC homes in Ontario, Canada.MethodsWe administered a survey to LTC homes to collect wait times for radiographs, basic blood tests, urine culture, and IV therapy. Rapid availability was defined as typically receiving test results within 1 or 2 days, or same-day IV therapy. We linked the survey results to administrative data and defined a cohort of residents living in survey-respondent homes between January and May 2017. We followed residents in the linked administrative databases for 6 months, until discharge, or death. Two physicians identified diagnostic codes for ED visits that were potentially preventable with rapid availability of each of the 4 resources. Multilevel logistic regression models estimated associations between potentially preventable ED visits and rapid diagnostic tests and intravenous access while controlling for demographic characteristics, illness severity, LTC home size, chain status, and physician availability.ResultsRapid blood tests, radiographs, urine culture, and IV therapy were available in 55%, 47%, 34%, and 45% of LTC homes, respectively. LTC homes that were part of multihome chains were less likely to have rapid access to the 4 resources. Of the 4736 residents (27%) who visited an ED during follow-up, individuals from homes with rapid access to radiographs (odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.97), urine culture (0.88, 0.72-1.08), blood tests (0.83, 0.69-1.00), and IV therapy (0.93, 0.70-1.23) tended to have fewer potentially preventable ED visits.Conclusions and ImplicationsRapid access to diagnostic testing and IV therapy in LTC reduced ED visits. Improving access to these resources may prevent ED visits and allow residents to stay home.     

COVID-19 and the Need for Adult Day Services

COVID-19 has shone a harsh light on the inequities of health care in the United States, particularly in how we care for older people. We summarize some of the effects of lockdown orders on clients, family caregivers, and staff of adult day service programs throughout the United States, which may serve as a counterpoint to scientific evidence suggesting a lack of efficacy of these programs. Given the ramifications of state lockdown orders for users and staff of the long-term services and support system, we provide recommendations to better support community-based programs and those they serve. Specifically, (1) adult day programs should be classified as essential, (2) a focus on the value of adult day and similar programs is needed, and (3) an exploration of new ways to finance home and community-based services is warranted. Such advances in policy and science would help to integrate adult day services more effectively into the broader health care landscape.