2015—2019年四川省流感哨点监测结果分析

目的 描述四川省2015—2019年流感病毒流行特征,为疫情防控提供依据。方法 对流感监测系统上报的流感样病例数据开展回顾性流行病学分析。结果 2015—2019年间,四川省共监测流感样病例标本131 477份,其中阳性标本23 844份,流感阳性率为18.14%。2015—2019年四川省优势流感亚型主要为甲型H1N1,季节性H3N2和B(Victoria)系流感。流感阳性率随月份、季节而改变,四川省流感阳性率高峰主要出现在冬季,其次为秋季。甲型流感主要在秋冬季流行,乙型流感主要在冬春季流行。流感病毒阳性检出率在5～14岁组年龄段最高。结论 四川省流感有明显的冬季流行高峰,各型别呈交替流行。秋冬季应加强流感防控工作;甲型和乙型流感好发于5～14岁群体,应继续加强对儿童学生流感的防控。     

2020年宁夏新冠疫情期间SARS-CoV-2与常见发热呼吸道病原流行特征比较分析

目的 了解2020年宁夏新冠疫情期间SARS-CoV-2与常见6种发热呼吸道病原的检出情况、流行规律和感染特点,为新冠疫情常态化防控提供理论依据。方法 应用Real time RT-PCR技术对2020年1月20日至2020年2月16日期间宁夏疾病预防控制中心收检的COVID-19筛查样本进行SARS-CoV-2和Flu等常见发热呼吸道病原进行定性检测,并收集各病原阳性患者人口学特征资料。结果 529例COVID-19筛查样本中,SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率为13.23%（70/529）。对COVID-19筛查样本中180份符合条件的FRS病例样本进行6种其他呼吸道病毒病原检测,阳性检出率为12.78%（23/180）,其中检出率较高的病原为Flu和HRSV,阳性率分别为5.00%和2.78%。各时间段内SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率存在两个较为明显的峰值,其他呼吸道病毒总阳性检出率稳中有降。SARS-CoV-2阳性检出率男性和女性差异无统计学意义,41~ 60岁组及60岁以上组阳性率较高,分别为25.00%和24.39%,阳性病例在宁夏五市均有分布,银川市最多;其他呼吸道病原男性检出率显著高于女性,41~ 60岁组阳性率最高,其次为0~20岁组,阳性率分别为33.33%和12.20%,阳性主要集中于银川与中卫两市。结论 在常态下防控新冠疫情的背景下,应加强呼吸道传播病原快速筛查体系的建设以达到精准防控传染病的迫切需求。     

Involvement of Fusarium spp. in fungal keratitis

Members of the filamentous fungal genus Fusarium are among the agents most frequently causing keratomycosis in humans. Fusarium keratitis is most common among agricultural workers in geographical regions with hot, humid, tropical or semi-tropical climates, but can occur more rarely in countries with temperate climates, such as Hungary. Keratitis is usually treated with a topical antifungal agent, sometimes in combination with sub-conjunctival injections and/or antimycotic agents, but therapeutic keratoplasty may be needed for patients whose corneal infection does not resolve. Early and accurate diagnosis, coupled with appropriate antifungal therapy, is crucial for improving the chances of complete recovery.     

Gastric cancer etiology: a biochemical hypothesis.

We have proposed a two-stage biochemical model for the etiology of "intestinal" gastric cancer. The model postulates that the gastric mucosal barrier is biochemically pierced as a result of chemical interactions between the mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides of the barrier and ingested polysaccharrides (starches). This would allow the growth of gastric flora which could produce carcinogenic nitrosamines and/or nitrosamides. Observational and experimental evidence in favor of the model is provided. The model suggests various research initiatives, the results of which might provide the basis for biochemical and physiological methods for the prevention and/or treatment of gastric cancer. Various ways in which the model may be tested are also noted.     

The epidemiology of fragility fractures: Is there a role for bone quality?

Fragility fractures, particularly those of the hip, vertebrae, and distal forearm, constitute a major public health problem. The two ultimate determinants of fracture are bone strength and propensity to trauma. Bone strength depends not only upon bone mass but also upon a variety of qualitative aspects of bone structure. These include its architecture, the amount of fatigue damage it has sustained, and changes in its bulk material properties, indices that are collectively subsumed into the term bone quality Fragility fractures show differences in their patterns of incidence by age, sex, ethnic group, geographic area, and season. Many of these differences are currently unexplained, and disorders of bone quality might contribute to them. There are two fracture sites at which evidence implicates bone quality more directly—the spine and proximal femur. Many vertebral compression fractures follow minimal trauma, and controlled studies suggest that vertebral microarchitecture contributes to fracture risk independently of vertebral bone mass. At the hip, observational studies have pointed to a role for disordered trabecular architecture, accumulation of microfractures (fatigue damage), and the accumulation of osteoid. The extent to which these phenomena act independently of bone mass, however, remains uncertain.Presented at the NIA Workshop on Aging and Bone Quality, September 3–4, 1992, Bethesda, Maryland     

Anti-HIV I antibodies prevalence in parturients through newborn testing: Results of the Italian anonymous serosurvey

A prevalence assessment of HIV infection among parturients was performed in order to estimate the future incidence of pediatric AIDS cases and obtain data on the trend of the infection in Italy.Consecutive whole blood samples from newborns collected on filter paper from all regions of Italy (October-December 1990) for routine metabolic screenings, were anonymously examined for HIV-1 antibodies by an ELISA technique. Positive results were confirmed by Western blot.Among 97,658 blood samples tested, 121 (0.124%, 95% confidence interval Poisson distribution 0.103–0.148) were positive. A high prevalence of HIV infection (> 0.2%) was observed in four regions from North and Central Italy while, in some regions in the South, the seroprevalence was ten times lower. In the Lazio Region, namely in Rome, 5 inner-city hospitals with a particularly high prevalence of HIV infection were identified.Assuming that the prevalence of HIV infection observed in the population in this study may reflect the infection rate in the total population of childbearing women, we estimate that approximately 700 newborn babies were delivered from HIV-positive mothers in Italy during 1990. The identification of high prevalence areas could allow for the development of targeted testing programs to plan and provide adequate counselling and care of HIV-infected women and their infants.U. Angeloni (Roma), I. Antonozzi (Roma), R. Beghini (Verona), S. Carta (Roma), R. Ciannainea (Lecce), L. Chiovato (Tirrenia), V.D. Dainato (Foggia), G.C. Fiorucci (Torino), R. attei (Siena), A. Bracco (Napoli), A. Misserini (Taranto), E. Pasquini (Firenze), S. Piazzi (Bologna), L. Piceni-Sereni (Milano), A. Pignero (Napoli), C. Pintor (Cagliari), G. Pugliese (Potenza), C. Romano (Genova), V. Rossolini (Fano).     

Salmonella serovars identified at the centre for enterobacteriaceae of palermo over the 5-year period 1983-87

Salmonellosis is become an increasing public health problem in many countries. Serotyping and assessment of antibiotic resistance are useful tools, which assist in understanding the epidemiology of Salmonella infections. In this respect, the Centre of Enterobacteriaceae of Southern Italy provides helpful information on the changing pattern of Salmonella serovars in this geographic area.This paper reports the distribution of serovars and their antibiotic susceptibility in the years 1983–1987. In particular, because of their peculiar trends during this 5-year period, epidemiological features of Mbandaka, Corvallis, Dublin, Infantis and Wien serovars are described.     

Embryotoxic/teratogenic potential of halothane

Summary The embryotoxic/teratogenic potential of halothane was evaluated on the basis of available data obtained in an extensive literature search. It was found that halothane induced ultrastructural visible changes in the offspring of rats exposed to concentrations of 10 ppm during gestation. These consisted of degenerative changes in the cerebral cortex and, in particular, the weakening of cell membranes and the vacuolisation of the Golgi-complex. Macroscopically visible morphological changes were seen in rats only after exposure to concentrations equivalent to 320-fold (1600 ppm) the MAK value (maximum concentration value at the workplace). Furthermore, behavioural disorders were seen when exposure to concentrations 10 ppm occurred during gestation and after parturition. In mice, only macroscopical investigations were performed. The first disturbances scored were only visible as retardation in the offspring, and occurred after exposure to concentrations of halothane 200-fold (1000 ppm) the MAK-value. In the rabbit, anaesthetic concentrations of 22 000 ppm. halothane did not result in an embryotoxic/teratogenic effect.The individual epidemiological findings in humans were discussed controversially. The studies are inconclusive in establishing an embryotoxic/teratogenic risk following sole exposure to halothane at the MAK level, since mixed exposures occurred and data on the concentrations of halothane in the inhaled air were missing. Therefore, the decision on whether halothane can impair intrauterine development is primarily based on the animal experimental findings. As long as a threshold value has not been established for the observed lesions, halothane should not be inhaled during pregnancy.     

青海省甘德县人群包虫病流行病学调查

用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｂ超、Ｘ线在果洛州甘德县进行了人群包虫病的流行病学调查。结果表明,人群包虫病血清阳性率为１０．８３％。男性和女性分别为９．２９％和１２．９２％。Ｂ超、Ｘ线检查阳性率为５．７７％,男性和女性分别为４．８３％和７．０５％。女性高于男性不同职业血清阳性率和Ｂ超、Ｘ线检查阳性率均以牧民最高（１７．５６＾和１１．５６％）随年龄增加,人群包虫病血清阳性率和Ｂ超、Ｘ线检查阳性率越高。不同地     

Classification of heart failure in population based research: An assessment of six heart failure scores

Several scores based on symptoms and signs have been developed to assess the presence of heart failure. The goal of this study was to compare six heart failure scores in non-hospitalised subjects and to determine their usefulness in population based research. The scores were applied to 54 participants of a population based study. All underwent a complete medical examination, including chest X-ray, electrocardiography and Doppler echocardiography. Using all information available, a cardiologist, unaware of the results of the scores, clinically classified participants as having no, possible or definite heart failure. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and receiver operating characteristics were calculated, using the cardiologist's assessment as a gold standard. The cardiologist judged definite or possible heart failure to be present in 17 persons. All scores had a high sensitivity for the detection of definite heart failure, whereas the study of men born in 1913 and Walma's score had the highest sensitivity for the combination of possible and definite heart failure. Gheorgiade's and the Boston score had the highest positive predictive values. In conclusion, five of the six scores we studied are broadly similar in the detection of heart failure. The men born in 1913 score relies heavily on the assessment of dyspnea, resulting in a relatively large number of false positives. Although the scores are useful in detecting manifest heart failure, objective measurements of cardiac function appear necessary to reduce the false positive rate and accurately detect early stages of heart failure.