The role of staging laparoscopy in oesophagogastric cancers.

AIMS: Selection of patients for treatment of oesophagogastric cancers rests on accurate staging. Laparoscopy has become a safe and effective staging tool in upper gastrointestinal cancers because of its ability to detect small peritoneal and liver metastases missed by imaging techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of staging laparoscopy (SL) in determining resectability of oesophagogastric cancers. METHODS: A review of 511 patients with oesophagogastric cancers referred to our centre during a 7-year period was performed. Four hundred and sixteen of them assessed to have resectable tumours after preoperative staging with CT and/or ultrasound underwent SL. The main outcome measure was the number of patients in whom laparoscopy changed treatment decision. RESULTS: Staging laparoscopy changed treatment decision in 84 cases (20.2%): locally advanced disease in 17, extensive lymph node disease in four and distant metastases (liver and peritoneum) in 63 cases. The sensitivity of laparoscopy for resectability was 88%. Eighty-one percent of patients who had combined CT scan and EUS were resectable at surgery compared with 65% of those who had CT scan alone (statistically significant with P-value<0.05). Of those patients deemed resectable by SL 8.1% were found to be unresectable at laparotomy, 16 with locally advanced disease and 11 with metastases. CONCLUSION: Staging laparoscopy avoided unnecessary laparotomy in 20.2% of our patients and was most useful in adenocarcinoma, distal oesophageal, GOJ and gastric cancers and probably not necessary in lesions of the upper two-third of the oesophagus.     

Post-operative chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma: a prospective study with cyclophosphamide

Seventy consecutive patients with carcinoma of the ovary were managed in our unit by laparotomy and extensive debulking procedures over a period of 8 years. Intensive post-operative chemotherapy was given with intravenous cyclophosphamide. The mean follow-up period was 2.6 years. Our results showed that 19 patients with early disease (stages I and II) showed complete remission but seven subsequently died of recurrent disease. The others with more advanced disease showed little response to treatment.     

腹腔镜在妇科急腹症中的应用价值

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在妇科急腹症手术治疗中的应用价值。方法分析262例妇科急腹症病人的临床资料,其中168例行腹腔镜手术,94例剖腹手术。结果两组患者年龄、体重、剖腹术史、急腹症病因、手术时间等方面无差异,而术中出血、术后病人对镇痛剂需求、肠道功能恢复、术后抗生素应用时间及术后住院天数有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论妇科急腹症选择腹腔镜手术优于传统剖腹术,腹腔镜手术是妇科急腹症诊断和治疗安全、可行的方法。休克型异位妊娠和盆腔脓肿不再是腹腔镜手术的禁忌症。     

A serum-soluble factor(s) stimulates tumor growth following laparotomy in a murine modelrid=""id=""Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), San Antonio, TX, 26 March 1999

Background: Our laboratory and others have previously demonstrated that tumors grow larger and are more easily established following laparotomy than after CO₂ pneumoperitoneum. The etiology of increased tumor growth after surgery is unknown. We hypothesized that, following laparotomy, a serum soluble factor(s) is generated that causes tumors to proliferate more rapidly. The purpose of the current study was to determine if in vitro tumor cells proliferate faster when incubated with serum from laparotomized mice than cells incubated with sera from mice who have undergone CO₂ pneumoperitoneum or anesthesia alone. Methods: In the first experiment, female Balb/C mice (n= 84) were randomly divided into the following three groups: (a) control (AC), (b) CO₂ insufflation (INS), and (c) laparotomy (OPEN). The AC mice underwent no procedure. The INS group underwent CO₂ pneumoperitoneum at 4–6 mmHg for 20 min. The OPEN group had a midline incision from xiphoid to pubis. The serum of seven mice from each group were collected on postoperative days (POD) 1, 2, 4, and 7 via a cardiac puncture. The sera at each time point for each group were pooled. Twenty thousand C-26 colon cancer cells were incubated separately in growth media containing 10% mouse serum from each group (seven determinations/group) at each time point. In the second experiment, female Balb/C (n= 30) mice were divided into AC and OPEN groups. On POD4, sera were collected and pooled. Three separate studies were performed for the second experiment. In the first study, tumor cells were incubated with 10% AC sera or varying concentrations of OPEN mice sera (4–10%). In the second study, aliquots of sera from the OPEN group mice were then heated at 100°C for 1 or 5 min. Tumors were then incubated separately in media with 10% AC, OPEN, or heated OPEN group sera. In the third study, aliquots of sera from the OPEN group mice were dialyzed against PBS through a 3.5-kD or an 8-kD dialysis membrane tubing for 24 h. Tumors were then incubated separately in media with 10% AC, OPEN, or dialyzed OPEN group sera. For both experiments, tumor proliferation was determined and compared between groups after 72 h of incubation. Results: Tumor cells incubated with POD2 and POD4 sera from OPEN group mice proliferated twice as fast as those incubated with sera from either AC or INS group mice. The difference in proliferation was maximal on POD4 and started to decline by POD7. Proliferative activity from the OPEN group sera decreased significantly when heated for 1 min and was completely ablated after 5 min of heating. Proliferative activity from the OPEN group sera was completely ablated after dialysis. Conclusions: We conclude that there is a serum-soluble factor(s) present postoperatively that stimulates tumors to grow significantly faster after laparotomy. The mitogenic effect of laparotomized mice sera is dilutable. It is uncertain whether the factor is heat labile, since heating most likely destroys other necessary proteins in the sera. The size of the factor is undeterminable using the dialysis method. Further efforts to identify these factors are currently underway. Received: 8 February 1999/Accepted: 23 June 1999/Online publication: 24 March 2000     

Mini-laparotomy and full laparotomy, but not laparoscopy, alter hepatic macrophage populations in a rat model

Background Immune function is better preserved by laparoscopic versus conventional surgery. Numerous mediators of the systemic trauma response are synthesized and/or regulated by the liver. However, it has been stated that the advantages of laparoscopic surgery are no more obvious when conventional operations are performed via mini-laparotomy. We set out to compare the impact of laparoscopy and mini- and full laparotomy on the hepatic macrophage populations.Methods Male Lewis rats were subjected to anesthesia alone (control), mini-laparotomy (1 cm), full laparotomy (7 cm), or laparoscopy for 60 min. Endpoints were the total protein in the peritoneal lavage fluid, hepatic ED-1 cells (recruited monocytes), hepatic ED-2 cells (Kupffer cells), the expression of OX-6 in the liver, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasma.Results Protein in the peritoneal lavage fluid increased significantly after all interventions. Full laparotomy was accompanied by an enhancement in ED-1-positive monocytes in the liver parenchyma compared to all other groups (p < 0.001). Mini- and full laparotomy led to an increase in ED-2-positive Kupffer cells (p < 0.001). Laparoscopy did not affect the number of monocytes/macrophages. There was no significant alteration of OX-6 expression in either group. No change in the cellular composition in the periportal fields was observed. The CRP plasma levels did not significantly differ between groups.Conclusions Laparoscopy completely prevents hepatic macrophage populations from expansion and normal cell disposition is preserved. Laparotomy, irrespective of incision size, increases the number of Kupffer cells. Moreover, full laparotomy, but not mini-laparotomy or laparoscopy, causes an increase in hepatic monocyte recruitment. The regulating pathways after surgery differ from other immunologic challenges, such as sepsis, in which immunocompetent cells accumulate and are stimulated in the periportal fields.     

腹部手术致乳糜漏解剖学基础的研究

目的　为预防上腹部与腹膜后区手术引起的乳糜漏提供解剖学依据。方法　对 32例成人尸体标本的胸导管起始端、乳糜池、肠干和左、右腰干进行观察。结果　①乳糜池出现率为 2 2 %( 7/32 ) ,其中椭圆形 4例、三角形 3例。乳糜池长 ( 2 4± 6 )mm ,中间宽为 ( 4 1± 0 9)mm ,位于T12 ～L2椎体的右前方。②胸导管起始部外径为 ( 2 8± 0 7)mm ;左腰干和肠干先汇合成共干再与右腰干合并者为 9例 ( 36 % ) ;右腰干和肠干先汇合成共干再与左腰干合并者为 8例 ( 32 % )。③肠干长 ( 36± 15 )mm ,位于降主动脉左侧、左肾动脉的上、下方 ,经L2 椎体前方 ,在椎体右侧与左、右腰干汇合成共干 ,至乳糜池或胸导管。④左、右腰干的长度分别为 ( 10 7± 2 4 )mm和 ( 111± 18)mm ,起始端外径为( 1 7± 0 4 )mm和 ( 1 9± 0 4 )mm ,汇入处外径为 ( 2 2± 0 6 )mm和 ( 2 2± 0 5 )mm。结论　在腹部手术分离腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉根部及肠系膜下静脉末端时 ,应注意保护此手术区域内较大的淋巴管     

The Pfannenstiel or so called “bikini cut”: Still effective more than 100 years after first description

The original Pfannenstiel incision is discussed including the technique, history, current indications, advantages, and disadvantages. Excellent cosmetic results, principles of less traumatic surgery, and a rare incisional hernia complication rate of about 0-2%, as well as long-time use characterise this access path to the pelvic organs first described by the German gynaecologist in 1900. Complications of nerve damage, however, should be recognised, especially when extending the incision too far laterally.     

卵巢恶性肿瘤二次剖腹探查术中行腹膜后淋巴结清除术的研究

目的　探讨卵巢恶性肿瘤腹膜后淋巴结清除术的最佳时机和临床价值。方法　回顾性分析了 5 0例二次剖腹探查术 (SLL)中行腹膜后淋巴结清除术的卵巢恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果　患者中位数年龄 49岁 ,其 3年和 5年生存率分别为 72 %和 62 %。SLL阳性率为 40 % ( 2 0 / 5 0 ) ,其中临床分期 [国际妇产科联盟 (FIGO)标准 ]Ⅰ期SLL阳性率为 0 % ( 0 / 15 ) ,Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期分别为 40 %( 4/ 10 )、62 % ( 15 / 2 4) ,Ⅳ期为 1例中 1例。SLL阳性率与临床分期的期别呈正相关 ,其中Ⅰ～Ⅱ期( 16% ,4/ 2 5 )和Ⅲ～Ⅳ期 ( 64 % ,16/ 2 5 )患者SLL阳性率比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1)。腹膜后淋巴结转移率为 3 2 % ( 16/ 5 0 ) ,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别为 0 % ( 0 / 15 )、2 0 % ( 2 / 10 )、5 4% ( 13 / 2 4) ,Ⅳ期为 1例中1例。SLL阳性患者中 ,4例 ( 8% )仅盆腹腔内有转移灶 ,淋巴结无转移 ;6例 ( 12 % )仅显微镜下淋巴结转移 ,而无盆腹腔转移灶。SLL中 ,行二次肿瘤细胞减灭术共 2 0例 ,其中术后 13例残留灶直径≤ 0 5cm ,7例残留灶直径 >0 5cm。中位数随访时间 44个月 ( 2 4～ 10 4个月 ) ,至随访截止日SLL阴性者 ( 3 0例 )均无肿瘤复发。结论　腹膜后淋巴结清除术在SLL术中进行比较合理 ,而且对降低SLL阴性患     

Late abscess formation after spilled gallstones masquerading as a liver mass

The most common complication during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the spillage of stones into the abdominal cavity. Although spillage occurs in 30% of cases, the potential adverse effects of this event are rare and generally manifest within months. When complications do occur, however, they may cause significant morbidity for the patient. We report an unusual case in which an inflammatory mass mimicking a liver tumor developed 5 years after the stones had been lost during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We therefore urge all surgeons to make every attempt to retrieve gallstones from the abdominal cavity once they have been accidentally dropped.     

Indication for peritoneal biopsy in tuberculous peritonitis

BACKGROUND: With the introduction of effective antituberculous chemotherapy, the clinical outcome of tuberculous peritonitis depends much on the diagnostic accuracy of this disease entity. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art thinking regarding the protean manifestation and diagnostic modalities of this major infectious disease. DATA SOURCES: This review was compiled after an extensive search of the current and historical literature, comprising 1,070 cases of tuberculous peritonitis. A number of important areas were highlighted, with emphasis on the diagnostic value and clinical impact of peritoneal biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: We believe an aggressive diagnostic approach, particularly with peritoneal biopsy, is warranted for the diagnosis and timely treatment of tuberculous peritonitis.