Eye-position dependence of torsional velocity during interaural translation, horizontal pursuit, and yaw-axis rotation in humans

The translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (tVOR) stabilizes an image on the fovea during linear movements of the head. It has been suggested that the tVOR may share pathways with the pursuit system. We asked whether the tVOR and pursuit would be similar in their behavior relative to Listing's Law. We compared torsional eye velocity as a function of vertical orbital position during interaural translation, pursuit, and yaw-axis rotation. We found that the eye-position-dependence of torsion was similar during translation and pursuit, which differed from that during yaw-axis rotation. These findings further support a close relationship between the mechanisms that generate pursuit and the tVOR.     

Development of a method for measuring movement-related effort

An emerging view in motor control research is that voluntary movements typically require little effort. Nonetheless, there is no agreed-upon method for measuring movement-related effort. To pursue such a method, we conducted two experiments. In the first, participants oscillated the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane at different frequencies. After performing each task, they gave an effort rating. The forearm movements caused a cursor to move back and forth between two targets on a computer screen, and we changed the gain of the system, requiring different angular displacements to produce the same cursor displacement, thus keeping the visual demands the same while varying the motor demands. Surprisingly, the ratings increased as the amplitudes of forearm rotation decreased, and the performance scores that participants received were also worse the smaller the amplitudes of forearm rotation. The latter result suggests that participants simply rated as effortful those movements for which knowledge of results indicated poor performance. To seek a more direct link between motor activity and rated effort, in the second experiment we asked participants to oscillate the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane at different metronome-specified frequencies, but we allowed participants to generate whatever angular displacements they wished to incur different levels of prescribed effort. With this procedure, we found that angular velocity was proportional to prescribed effort. The simplicity of this outcome suggests that the method used in the second experiment can be used in the future as a means of evaluating biomechanically related effort. The surprising finding of the first experiment suggests that Fitts' Law depends both on perception and on motor control.     

药品不良反应损害救济机制探讨

药品不良反应损害是否应当救济,或在多大范围内救济,采用何种方式救济?这一系列问题都需由法律予以判断和裁决。而我国现行法律制度对药品不良反应的法律责任规定缺位,亦无相应的损害救济制度,受到药品不良反应损害的消费者或其他相关人员因而难以得到补偿或赔偿。文章通过比较药品不良反应各类救济制度,认为采用保险基金制度来建立药品不良反应救济制度是一项有效的途径,同时对我国药品不良反应救济制度的建立提供了初步意见。     

浅析卫生行政处罚听证程序的误区及完善

从三个角度对行政相对人和执法机关在听证认识上的误区进行分析。针对《行政处罚法》存在的缺陷，提出适当扩大听证范围、完善第三人申请参与权、完善听证主持人制度、完善质证方法、确立案卷排他性原则、明确听证排除性条件等六项完善卫生行政处罚听证程序的措施。     

精神科临床工作中的自律和维权

讨论了精神卫生的现状、临床诊疗中存在的常见法律、伦理问题,提出了临床诊疗中加强自律和维权的内容和具体要求。     

论医疗纠纷处理相关法律制度建设

针对医疗纠纷处理的热点与难点，在新的《医疗事故处理办法》尚未颁布之际，文章先分析了3种医疗纠纷处理的途径现状，继而提出了颁布《医疗事故处理法》，完善医疗事故处理模式、确立合理风险分担制度和赔偿制度3个方面的相关法律制度建设的建议。     

临床知情同意准则确立的伦理和法律意义

由于临床医生忽视病人知情同意权而引起的医疗法律纠纷案不断增多,成为医院医疗和管理工作的一个新的关注点。维护病人在医疗中享有的知情同意权是临床医疗的基本准则;病人的这种自主权利受到道德的支持和现行法律的保护,提高医院和医生对医疗中知情同意的意识和相关问题的敏感性在未来的医疗和医患关系中显得越来越重要。     

中国医疗卫生法治的历史、现状与走向——中国医疗卫生法治30年之评析

1978年以来,我国的医疗卫生立法、医疗卫生执法、医疗卫生司法、医疗卫生守法、医疗卫生参与和医疗卫生法律监督工作取得了巨大的成就。1997年国家正式提出依法治国方略后,我国的医疗卫生工作正式走向法治化的轨道。目前,无论是从环节上,还是从整体的判断指标上分析,或者从实效上评估,都说明我国的医疗卫生法制架构已经基本形成。符合科学发展观和和谐社会的医疗卫生法治工作正在完善之中。完善的措施既包括立法完善工作,还包括执法、司法、守法、参与和监督环节的体制、制度和机制的创新工作。     

The health care system for female workers and its current status in Japan

In this paper we describe female workers' health care, the women's and maternal protection system within the Japanese legal system, the current status of female workers in Japan, and problems regarding methods of advancing health care and the women's or maternal protection system. Motherhood is respected in the workplace in Japan, and in order to provide an environment in which women can work and still bear and rear children with a sense of security, laws concerning maternal protection of female workers, and revisions in terms of the system have been made, and a new system has been in effect since the fiscal year of 1998. Nevertheless, gender discrimination against women and the disparagement of women, rooted in gender role stereotypes concerning the division of labor, remain firmly planted in the social environment and in long-established custom. Received: 20 February 2000 / Accepted: 10 June 2000     

国内外食品安全监管的现状和发展趋势

本文旨在通过阐述发达国家食品安全监管的3种基本模式,分析、比较我国食品安全监管体系存在的问题,借鉴国外先进的监管经验,国际食品安全监管的发展趋势,结合我国国情,从监管体系上提出保证食品安全的建议和对策.