Reproductive risk factors associated with breast cancer in young women by molecular subtype

BackgroundFew studies have examined detailed features of pregnancy and the postpartum period as potential risk factors for early onset breast cancer (BC) by molecular subtype. These data may have value for improving risk assessment and prevention.MethodsWe surveyed parous enrollees in the prospective Mayo Clinic Breast Disease Registry (MCBDR) who had been diagnosed with BC at age <55 years between 2015 and 2020. Summary statistics were used to describe survey responses and reproductive risk factors by BC subtype (defined by estrogen/progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor expression, nurse-abstracted from the medical record). Associations were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-Square tests, followed by age-adjusted linear and logistic regression models. We compared results from this parous cohort to those from a separate cohort of nulliparous MCBDR participants with BC diagnosed at age <55 years.ResultsIn 436 parous respondents with subtype data abstracted, we identified a higher frequency of BRCA1 mutation, earlier age at diagnosis, and lower BI in patients with triple negative BC. Comparing parous to nulliparous young women with breast cancer, the proportion with TNBC was larger in the latter (12.2% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.03).ConclusionsEarly age at diagnosis and deleterious BRCA1 mutation were more frequent among TNBC patients. In addition, parous young women with TNBC had a lower BI than those with other BC subtypes, a hypothesis-generating finding that supports the need for additional research on the cycle of pregnancy-lactation-postpartum involution and BC etiology.     

饮食干预+强化健康教育对剖宫产后产妇泌乳及胃肠功能康复情况的影响评价

目的探究饮食干预+强化健康教育对剖宫产后产妇泌乳及胃肠功能康复情况的影响。方法100例剖宫产产妇,以动态随机化法分为实验组和对照组,每组50例。对照组采用常规护理,实验组采用饮食干预+健康教育。比较两组产妇泌乳情况(开始泌乳时间、泌乳充足时间)、胃肠功能情况(首次排气时间、首次排便时间、肠鸣音恢复时间)以及护理满意度。结果实验组产妇开始泌乳时间(33.17±5.30)h、泌乳充足时间(35.52±3.29)h均短于对照组的(56.62±6.19)、(47.81±3.18)h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组产妇首次排气时间(18.52±3.77)h、首次排便时间(26.44±3.79)h、肠鸣音恢复时间(22.31±2.56)h均低于对照组的(28.63±4.13)、(41.87±3.26)、(42.03±4.47)h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组护理总满意度96.00%高于对照组的80.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论剖宫产产妇接受饮食干预+强化健康教育干预,可缩短其开始泌乳时间、泌乳充足时间,降低胃肠功能恢复的时间,且产妇的满意度较高,临床意义重大。     

Diurnal cycle of mother-young contact in Norway rats

Mother rats maintained on a LD 12:12 photoperiod (lights on 0800 hrs) had longer contact bouts with their offspring during the day than during the night and maternal brain temperature peaked during the night. When the daily temperature cycle was suppressed by removal of adrenal and ovarian hormones, the daily maternal contact cycle was also suppressed. These data are consistent with a thermal model for the limitation of mother-young contact bout duration.     

Modultion of the Golgi apparatus in stimulated and nonstimulated prolactin cells of female rats

The three-dimensional structure of the Golgi apparatus and its compartments in prolactin cells has been examined in lactating rats in which secretion of prolactin was suppressed by removing the litter or stimulated by allowing the pups to suckle again. As soon as 2 hr after removal of the litter, large irregular progranules and numerous large pale vesicles accumulated in the trans-Golgi area together with vesicular or tubular fragments. The cis-tubular network was no longer recognizable on the cis-face of the Golgi ribbon; the saccules of the midcompartment were partitined by narrow fissures and also became perforated in register by numerous fenestrations of various sizes and irregular contours. The concomitant appearance of numerous vesicles in the cavities thus formed as well as in the surrounding cytoplasm indicated that they probably arose by the progressive cavitation and fragmentation of saccules of the mid compartment. Such a process, which reached a maximum between 4 and 6 hr after removal of the litter from the mother, was no longer observed at 8 and 12 hr, at which time intervals the Golgi apparatus was reduced in size with no cis-tubular elements and progranules on its trans-aspect and few vesicles in its surroundings. When mothers, separated from their litters for a period of 12 hr, were returned to their pups for 20 min, the cis-tubular network reappeared on the cis-aspect of the Golgi stacks and presumably formed by fusion of vesicles and anastomosed tubules located next to the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the structure of the midsaccules returned to the stimulated condition, and early progranules were again segregated within the trans-most saccules of the Golgi stack. Hence, the Golgi apparatus of prolactin cells was rapidly and deeply modified in the presence or absence of stimulation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Ethanol exposure during late gestation and nursing in the rat: effects upon maternal care, ethanol metabolism and infantile milk intake

Ethanol experiences, during late gestation as well as during nursing, modify the behavioral dynamics of the dam/pup dyad, and leads to heightened ethanol intake in the offspring. This study focuses on: a) behavioral and metabolic changes in intoxicated dams with previous exposure to ethanol during pregnancy and b) infantile consumption of milk when the dam is either under the effects of ethanol or sober. Pregnant rats received water, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol, and were administered with water or ethanol during the postpartum period. Intoxication during nursing disrupted the capability of the dam to retrieve the pups and to adopt a crouching posture. These disruptions were attenuated when dams had exposure to ethanol during pregnancy. Ethanol experiences during gestation did not affect pharmacokinetic processes during nursing, whereas progressive postpartum ethanol experience resulted in metabolic tolerance. Pups suckling from intoxicated dams, with previous ethanol experiences, ingested more milk than did infants suckling from ethanol-intoxicated dams without such experience. Ethanol gestational experience results in subsequent resistance to the drug's disruptions in maternal care. Consequently, better maternal care by an intoxicated dam with ethanol experience during gestation facilitates access of pups to milk which could be contaminated with ethanol.     

Central actions of arginine vasopressin and a V1a receptor antagonist on maternal aggression, maternal behavior, and grooming in lactating rats

Maternal aggression is a robust type of aggression displayed by lactating female rats. Although arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in the control of male aggression, its involvement in maternal aggression has not been thoroughly investigated. Previous neuroanatomical studies suggest that AVP may mediate the display of aggression during lactation. In the current study, AVP and an AVP V1a receptor antagonist were centrally administered to primiparous rats on days 5 and 15 of lactation, and aggression, maternal behavior, and grooming were recorded. Although AVP did not affect the number of attacks or duration of aggression, it increased the latency to initiate aggression on day 5, in addition to decreasing maternal behavior and increasing grooming. Conversely, V1a antagonist treatment increased maternal aggression on both days of lactation, decreased maternal behavior on day 15, and decreased grooming on day 5. Thus, it appears that central AVP activity modulates maternal aggression, as well as maternal behavior and grooming behavior during lactation.     

穿刺冲洗术治疗哺乳期乳腺脓肿182例疗效观察及治疗后哺乳结局分析

目的 探讨哺乳期乳腺脓肿经超声引导下穿刺冲洗术治疗效果,并分析影响治疗后病人哺乳结局的相关因素。方法收集2017年1月至2020年12月郑州大学第三附属医院收治经超声引导下穿刺冲洗术治疗的182例哺乳期乳腺脓肿病人的临床资料,哺乳结局根据治疗后是否回奶,分为回奶组27例和继续母乳喂养组155例。从产次、产后时间（产后初次发病时间）、脓肿位置、脓肿长径、致病菌、穿刺次数等方面,采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,采用logistic回归模型进行哺乳结局的多因素分析。结果 本研究纳入182例病人,其中165例经过超声引导下穿刺冲洗术联合抗生素治疗后达到治愈标准,治愈率90.7%,治疗后回奶病人27例,回奶率14.8%(27/182)。单因素分析结果显示,哺乳结局与时间、脓肿位置、穿刺次数有相关性（均P<0.05）;多因素分析结果显示,中央区脓肿[OR=11.61,95%CI:(2.70,49.85),P=0.001]、脓腔≥5 cm[OR=3.60,95%CI:(1.12,11.51),P=0.031]和穿刺次数[OR=10.08,95%CI:(2.04,49.60),P=0.004]是影响...     

Protective role of zinc against the toxicity induced by exposure to cadmium during gestation and lactation on testis development

To assess the effects of exposure to Cd and Zn on rat testicular development, offspring, from mothers receiving either tap water, Cd, Zn or Cd + Zn during gestation and lactation periods, were observed on gestational day (GD) 20 and on postnatal days (PND) 12, 21 and 35. During gestation, Cd induced maternal hypozincemia and less transfer of Zn to the fetus. During lactation, progressive Cd accumulation and Zn depletion in testis at PND12 and PND21 were noted. An increase of abnormal seminiferous tubules and a decrease in testis weight and plasmatic testosterone concentration were also observed at PND21 and PND35 respectively. Interestingly, Zn supply induced a significant protection against Cd toxicity. These results suggest that the toxic effects of Cd observed during development are mediated by the disruption of Zn metabolism, which is established in mothers during pregnancy causing Zn deficiency in fetuses and continues to become more pronounced during lactation.