北京市通州区产妇泌乳启动延迟发生情况及相关影响因素研究

目的 探讨北京市通州地区产妇泌乳启动延迟发生情况及相关影响因素,为提高母乳喂养率提供科学依据。方法 以2019年3月至2021年2月在北京市通州区妇幼保健院分娩的产妇为研究对象,由经过统一培训并考核合格的护理人员随访其泌乳情况并通过问卷收集孕妇相关资料。采用描述性分析方法对产妇泌乳延迟发生情况进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对泌乳延迟发生影响因素进行分析。结果 共纳入2 109名产妇进行研究,产妇年龄20~48岁,以35~48岁居多,占54.10%。泌乳启动正常者1 387人,占65.8%,泌乳启动中位时间为50.65(19.33,70.14)h。泌乳启动延迟者722例,占34.2%。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥35岁(OR=1.278)、孕期增重过多(OR=1.992)、初产妇(OR=1.243)、妊娠期糖尿病(OR=1.459)、妊娠期高血压疾病(OR=3.314)、剖宫产(OR=1.584)是产妇泌乳启动延迟发生的危险因素。结论 北京市通州区产妇泌乳启动延迟发生率较高,高龄、孕期增重过多、初产妇、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、剖宫产均是产妇泌乳启动延迟发生的危险因素,医护人员应当对于上述类型产妇予以重视,及时关注治疗,以期改善产妇泌乳启动延迟情况。     

绵羊产后诱发发情试验

本试验利用多种方案对90只哺乳母羊采用羔羊提前断奶、公羊性刺激并结合激素处理发发情，以达到缩短产羔间隔，提高繁殖率的目的，经试验测定，母羊发情率平均为32.22%，情期受胎率平均为31.03%，效果不理想，需进一步对此进行研究。     

哺乳期急性乳腺炎诊疗体会

目的：探讨哺乳期急性乳腺炎的病因、治疗与预防措施。方法：回顾性分析我科2006年9月～2008年9月980例哺乳期急性乳腺炎的治疗方法,包括局部湿热敷、通乳排奶、脓肿穿刺排脓或脓肿切开引流等。结果：6例经穿刺排脓后治愈,24例经脓肿切开引流后治愈,其他患者经早期通乳排奶后治愈且无并发症。结论：乳腺炎的早期诊治非常关键,早期局部湿热敷、通乳排奶,操作简单、方便,易于掌握,值得临床应用。     

TIDAL WAVES: Network mechanisms in the neuroendocrine control of prolactin release

Neuroendocrine tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons tonically inhibit pituitary release of the hormone, prolactin. Through the powerful actions of prolactin in promoting lactation and maternal behaviour while suppressing sexual drive and fertility, TIDA neurons play a key role in reproduction. We summarize insights from recent in vitro studies into the membrane properties and network behaviour of TIDA neurons including the observations that TIDA neurons exhibit a robust oscillation that is synchronized between cells and depends on intact gap junction communication. Comparisons are made with phasic firing patterns in other neuronal populations. Modulators involved in the control of lactation – including serotonin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and prolactin itself – have been shown to change the electrical behaviour of TIDA cells. We propose that TIDA discharge mode may play a central role in tuning the amount of dopamine delivered to the pituitary and hence circulating prolactin concentrations in different reproductive states and pathological conditions.     

Delayed physical and neurobehavioral development and increased aggressive and depression-like behaviors in the rat offspring of dams fed a high-fat diet

Early maternal exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) may influence the brain development of rat offspring and consequently affect physiology and behavior. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the somatic, physical, sensory-motor and neurobehavioral development of the offspring of dams fed an HFD (52% calories from fat, mainly saturated) and the offspring of dams fed a control diet (CD – 14.7% fat) during lactation from the 1st to the 21st postnatal day (P). Maternal body weights were evaluated during lactation. In the progeny, somatic (body weight, head and lengths axes) and physical (ear unfolding, auditory conduit opening, eruption of the incisors and eye opening) development and the consolidation of reflex responses (palm grasp, righting, vibrissa placing, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis, auditory startle response and free-fall righting) were determined during suckling. Depressive and aggressive behaviors were tested with the forced swimming test (FST) and the “foot-shock” test on days 60 and 110, respectively. The open field test was used to assess motor function. Compared to controls, the HFD-pups exhibited decreases in body weight (P7–P21) and body length (P4–P18), but by days P71 and P95, these pups were overweight. All indicators of physical maturation and the consolidation of the following reflexes, vibrissa placing, auditory startle responses, free-fall righting and negative geotaxis, were delayed in HFD-progeny. In addition, the pups from HFD dam rats also exhibited reduced swimming and climbing times in the FST and increased aggressive behavior. No changes in locomotion were observed. These findings show developmental and neurobehavioral changes in the rat offspring of dams fed the HFD during lactation and suggest possible disruption of physical and sensory-motor maturation and increased susceptibility to depressive and aggressive-like behavior.     

Impact of bariatric surgery on breastfeeding: a systematic review

Metabolic and bariatric surgery helps women achieve a healthier weight, reduce co-morbid conditions, increase fertility rates, and improve pregnancy outcomes compared with counterparts who are obese. Breastfeeding is known to provide both infant and maternal health benefits as well. Less is known about the impact of bariatric surgery on breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to review the impact of bariatric surgery on breastfeeding following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed and Medline databases were searched using terms such as “bariatric surgery,” “postnatal care,” “lactation,” and “breastfeeding.” Reference lists were also used to find relevant articles. A total of 49 records were identified. Abstracts were screened, and 11 observational studies were identified after meeting inclusion criteria, which included the use of original research on breastfeeding and women who have had bariatric surgery. The available research shows that breast milk after bariatric surgery is adequate in nutrients and that no long-term effects were reported in cases studies when nutrient deficiencies were corrected. Limitations include observational study design and small sample sizes. This systematic review suggests that breastfeeding after bariatric surgery should be recommended along with monitoring and micronutrient supplementation. However, additional research and increased sample sizes are needed to further examine the relationship, and such studies should be conducted to strengthen the evidence and explore ways to improve breastfeeding rates in this population.     

Assessment of techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of breast engorgement by thermography

Objective

to evaluate techniques of massage and pumping in the treatment of postpartum breast engorgement through thermography.

Method

the study was conducted in the Human Milk Bank of a hospital in Curitiba, Brazil. We randomly selected 16 lactating women with engorgement with the classification lobar, ampullary and glandular, moderate and intense. We compared the differential patterns of temperature, before and after the treatment by means of massage and pumping.

Results

we found a negative gradient of 0.3°C of temperature between the pre- and post-treatment in the experimental group. Breasts with intense engorgement were 0.7°C warmer when compared with moderate engorgement.

Conclusion

massage and electromechanical pumping were superior to manual methods when evaluated by thermography. REBEC: U1111-1136-9027.     

国际认证哺乳顾问的发展现状及启示

对国际认证哺乳顾问的定义、起源与认证、角色和实践环境、对母乳喂养的影响及在实际工作中遇到的挑战进行综述,旨在为构建符合中国国情的哺乳顾问在医院的工作模式提供参考。     

剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的:探讨剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响.方法:将86例剖宫产产妇随机分为两组各43例,观察组给予术后硬膜外镇痛,对照组给予肌内注射盐酸哌替啶镇痛,观察比较两组术后镇痛效果、初次泌乳时间、24 h哺乳次数及不良反应发生情况.结果:观察组术后镇痛效果、初次泌乳时间及24 h泌乳次数与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:剖宫产术后应用硬膜外镇痛效果确切,可促进产妇身体恢复及母乳分泌,对保证母婴健康有着重要作用.     

不同碘水平对哺乳期母鼠和仔鼠碘代谢及甲状腺功能影响的研究

目的 研究不同碘水平对哺乳期母鼠和仔鼠的碘代谢及甲状腺功能的影响.方法 Wistar母鼠随机分为4组:重度缺碘组(SID),轻度缺碘组(MiID),正常碘组(NI),碘过量组(ExI).所有大鼠均食用缺碘饲料,饮水给予不同剂量的碘化钾,喂养3个月后交配,检测哺乳14 d时母鼠及其仔鼠的尿碘、乳汁碘、血碘和血液甲状腺激素(TH)水平,测定母鼠甲状腺重量,观察母鼠和仔鼠甲状腺形态学改变.结果 (1)母鼠及仔鼠尿碘、乳汁碘和血碘均随饮食碘供给量的增加而增加,其组间变化幅度以尿碘为最高、乳汁碘次之、血碘最低.(2)与NI组比较,SID组母鼠血清TT44降低[(16.7±12.0对36.4±15.0)nmol/L,P<0.05],TSH[(5.73+2.90对1.38+0.30)mIU/L,P<0.01]和TT3/TT4比值(6.6+2.7对2.1±0.3,P<0.01)升高,仔鼠TT4[(10.6+2.3对16.4±4.7)nmoL/L,P<0.05]降低;MiID和ExI组无论母鼠和仔鼠均与NI组无明显差异.(3)SID组母鼠和仔鼠发生典型小滤泡增生性甲状腺肿,MiID组母鼠呈现轻度甲状腺肿,ExI组母鼠甲状腺呈现轻度多形性特征,而两组仔鼠甲状腺与NI组无明显差别.结论 重度缺碘会导致母-子甲状腺功能减退,但在轻度缺碘和碘过量时通过母体和仔代的代偿作用可以维持母-子正常的碘营养和甲状腺功能.