儿童细菌性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎临床及实验室检查特点

目的研究儿童细菌性脑膜炎与病毒性脑炎临床特点及血清基质蛋白金属酶-9(MMP-9)、降钙素原(PCT)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平,分析各指标对两者鉴别诊断价值。方法选取2017年10月-2019年10月郑州大学附属儿童医院细菌性脑膜炎和病毒性脑炎患儿共80例,其中细菌性脑膜炎组49例,病毒性脑炎组31例,观察患儿症状,同时检测血清MMP-9、PCT、β2-MG和CRP水平并进行比较,作受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析各指标对细菌性脑膜炎和病毒性脑炎鉴别诊断价值。结果细菌性脑膜炎组患儿意识障碍、囟门张力增加和肺炎发生率高于病毒性脑炎组,精神萎靡、嗜睡和皮疹发生率低于病毒性脑炎组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性脑膜炎组血清MMP-9、PCT、β2-MG和CRP水平高于病毒性脑炎组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);意识障碍、肺炎以及血清CRP和PCT水平对细菌性脑膜炎和病毒性脑炎患儿鉴别诊断的敏感度分别为46.93%、46.93%、75.51%和83.67%,特异度分别为77.42%、80.65%、83.87%和90.32%,各指标联合诊断的曲线下面积为0.917,敏感度为91.84%,特异度为83.87%。结论细菌性脑膜炎和病毒性脑炎患儿临床特点和血清MMP-9、PCT、β2-MG和CRP水平均存在明显差异,综合各项指标进行分析可为临床鉴别诊断提供参考信息。     

Sex differences in impulsive action and impulsive choice

Here, we review the evidence for sex differences in behavioral measures of impulsivity for both humans and laboratory animals. We focus on two specific components of impulsivity: impulsive action (i.e., difficulty inhibiting a prepotent response) and impulsive choice (i.e., difficulty delaying gratification). Sex differences appear to exist on these measures, but the direction and magnitude of the differences vary. In laboratory animals, impulsive action is typically greater in males than females, whereas impulsive choice is typically greater in females. In humans, women discount more steeply than men, but sex differences on measures of impulsive action depend on tasks and subject samples. We discuss implications of these findings as they relate to drug addiction. We also point out the major gaps in this research to date, including the lack of studies designed specifically to examine sex differences in behavioral impulsivity, and the lack of consideration of menstrual or estrous phase or sex hormone levels in the studies.     

Melioidosis in a returned traveller

Melioidosis is an infection endemic to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The present report describes a case of chronic melioidosis in a returning traveller from the Philippines. Clinical suspicion of this illness is warranted in individuals with a history of travel to endemic regions. Safety in handling clinical specimens is paramount because laboratory transmission has been described.     

LIS系统与东方旗云软件联合用于细菌耐药性统计优势

目的寻找准确、便捷的细菌耐药性统计系统。方法通过东方旗云软件与实验室细菌鉴定仪的连接，将细菌药敏结果直接导如whonet系统。结果可以准确、简便、快捷的统计细菌耐药性，以便监测细菌耐药趋势，合理指导临床用药。结论东方旗云软件可LIS系统联合在实验室信息系统管理与细菌耐药性统计方面有重要实用价值。     

开展实验室认证认可全面提升实验室规范化管理水平

从实验室认证认可的起源与发展、异同、基本内容及其在实验室管理体系中的地位与作用,阐明了通过积极开展实验室认证认可对实验室规范化管理的作用与意义.     

Evaluation of the CDC proposed laboratory HIV testing algorithm among men who have sex with men (MSM) from five US metropolitan statistical areas using specimens collected in 2011

BackgroundUntil recently most testing algorithms in the United States (US) utilized Western blot (WB) as the supplemental test. CDC has proposed an algorithm for HIV diagnosis which includes an initial screen with a Combo Antigen/Antibody 4th generation-immunoassay (IA), followed by an HIV-1/2 discriminatory IA of initially reactive-IA specimens. Discordant results in the proposed algorithm are resolved by nucleic acid-amplification testing (NAAT).ObjectivesEvaluate the results obtained with the CDC proposed laboratory-based algorithm using specimens from men who have sex with men (MSM) obtained in five metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).Study designSpecimens from 992 MSM from five MSAs participating in the CDC's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System in 2011 were tested at local facilities and CDC. The five MSAs utilized algorithms of various screening assays and specimen types, and WB as the supplemental test. At the CDC, serum/plasma specimens were screened with 4th generation-IA and the Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 discriminatory assay was used as the supplemental test. NAAT was used to resolve discordant results and to further identify acute HIV infections from all screened-non-reactive missed by the proposed algorithm. Performance of the proposed algorithm was compared to site-specific WB-based algorithms.ResultsThe proposed algorithm detected 254 infections. The WB-based algorithms detected 19 fewer infections; 4 by oral fluid (OF) rapid testing and 15 by WB supplemental testing (12 OF and 3 blood). One acute infection was identified by NAAT from all screened-non-reactive specimens.ConclusionsThe proposed algorithm identified more infections than the WB-based algorithms in a high-risk MSM population. OF testing was associated with most of the discordant results between algorithms. HIV testing with the proposed algorithm can increase diagnosis of infected individuals, including early infections.     

Preservation of myocardial compliance and reversal of contracture (“Stone heart”) during ischemic arrest by applied intermittent ventricular stretch

The hypothesis was tested that intermittent myocardlal stretch could prevent or reverse the increased stiffness or contracture that occurs during severe ischemia. Isolated rabbit hearts with a fluid-filled left intraventricular balloon underwent 90 minutes of ischemie arrest at 35 °C. In the “no stretch” group (n = 10), the intraventricular balloon remained collapsed during the period of arrest; in the “stretch” group (n = 10) the balloon was expanded every 5 minutes to apply intermittent stretch to the arrested myocardium. Intermittent stretching completely prevented contracture during ischemia. In the no stretch group severe ischemic contracture developed, which increased the pressure in the arrested ventricle to 110 ± 14 mm Hg (mean ± standard error of the mean) after 90 minutes of ischemic arrest; in contrast, no contracture (0 ± 1 mmHg) developed in the stretch group during the period of ischemic arrest (p <0.001 versus the no stretch group). After 60 minutes of reperfusion, the stretch group continued to have less contracture (20 ± 4 mmHg versus 42 ± 7 mmHg, p <0.001). Recovery of contractile function was not impaired by the application of intermittent myocardial stretch. Developed pressure and the first derivative of left ventricular pressure ($\text{dP}\text{dt}$) recovered to a greater extent in the stretch group (38 ± 3 versus 27 ± 5 percent and 54 ± 1 versus 35 ± 7 percent, respectively, in the stretch versus the no stretch group), although these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.10 to 0.05). Both groups had the same degree of tissue lactate accumulation during the ischemic period and the same levels of tissue edema, adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate at the end of the reperfusion period. The results indicate that intermittent myocardial stretch during ischemic arrest can prevent a decrease in diastolic compliance without decreasing recovery of contractile function; the intermittent stretch probably ruptured the rigor or contracture bonds that form during prolonged ischemia.     

我国2017年常规生化检验血液标本可接受性的现状调查

摘要：目的：调查2017年我国临床实验室常规生物化学（生化）检验血液标本可接受性的现状。 方法：向参加国家卫生健康委员会临床检验中心常规生化室间质量评价的临床实验室发放调查表,调查内容包括一般情况调查和标本不合格情况调查,要求各实验室记录从2017年7月1日至31日所有不合格标本的相关信息。实验室通过网络平台在线回报数据。 结果：共回收866份有效问卷,参与实验室接收的标本总数是15 981 752,不合格标本总数为12 200,总体拒收率为0.076%。不合格标本主要的拒收原因是溶血（33.98%）、标本量不足（10.78%）和乳糜血或脂血（10.62%）。标本拒收率与标本来源部门、容器类型、标本类型、运输方式和采血人员相关。 结论：我国不合格标本的接收与管理制度有待完善,实验室应提高对检验前阶段的重视,常规监控和多水平地分析不合格标本,识别原因并采取相应措施。     

Alternatives to animal testing: A review

The number of animals used in research has increased with the advancement of research and development in medical technology. Every year, millions of experimental animals are used all over the world. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debating issue for a long time. Besides the major concern of ethics, there are few more disadvantages of animal experimentation like requirement of skilled manpower, time consuming protocols and high cost. Various alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. A strategy of 3 Rs (i.e. reduction, refinement and replacement) is being applied for laboratory use of animals. Different methods and alternative organisms are applied to implement this strategy. These methods provide an alternative means for the drug and chemical testing, up to some levels. A brief account of these alternatives and advantages associated is discussed in this review with examples. An integrated application of these approaches would give an insight into minimum use of animals in scientific experiments.     

A Critical Review of Alcohol Administration Guidelines in Laboratory Medication Screening Research: Is It Time to Include Treatment Seekers?

Human laboratory studies play an important role in alcohol use disorder (AUD) medication development. Medications that are found to be safe and effective during human laboratory screening will then move to more expensive clinical trials in patient populations. Given the gatekeeping role of human laboratory studies in the medication development pipeline, it is critical that these studies accurately forecast how pharmacotherapies will perform under true-to-life clinical conditions. On the other hand, the design of these studies also must adhere to ethical guidelines: certain aspects of clinical reality cannot be incorporated into screening studies because doing so might place the participant at risk for harm or breach other ethical guidelines. Conventions exist that guide the resolution of these conflicting ideals. This article considers the practice of recruiting non–treatment-seeking heavy drinkers to participate in laboratory screening studies. By convention, volunteers are excluded from laboratory screening studies that involve alcohol administration if they are deemed “treatment seeking,” meaning that they recently stopped drinking or are motivated to do so. Although this common practice may reduce risk to participants, findings may not accurately predict medication effects on treatment seekers. Indeed, there is empirical evidence that treatment seekers differ from nontreatment seekers in their responses to medications (Neuropsychopharmacology 2017a; 42: 1776; Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2017b; 43: 703; J Psychiatr Res 2006; 40: 383). Here, we argue for the importance of recruiting treatment seekers for this research due to their qualitative difference from nontreatment seekers. We argue that these individuals should be the default population in human laboratory medication screening studies. We conclude by discussing 2 case examples of medication experiments led by our research groups that involved administering medications to treatment seekers.