微血管密度和p16基因表达对判定肾癌生物学行为的意义

目的 :探讨肿瘤内的微血管密度 (IMD)和 p1 6基因表达与肾细胞癌 (RCC)生物学行为的关系。 方法 :采用免疫组织化学方法 ,对 76例RCC患者的根治性肾切除标本 ,检测第Ⅷ因子相关抗原和 p1 6基因表达 ,分析IMD、p1 6基因表达与RCC分期、分级及预后的相关性。 结果 :IMD随临床分期升高而增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与分级无明显相关性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,随访 5年内死亡者IMD明显升高 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;癌旁组织中 p1 6阳性率 (75 .0 % )显著高于RCC组织 (4 8.7% ) ,p1 6阳性表达随临床分期、病理分级升高而降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而与IMD呈负相关性。结论 :IMD是预测RCC恶性行为的一个有用指标 ,IMD和p1 6基因表达可为RCC的疗效和预后判定提供重要的资料。     

肾癌多中心病灶发生机理的探讨

目的　探讨肾癌多中心病灶的发生机理。　方法　肾癌根治术标本 10 2例 ,间隔 3mm切开检查切面 ,原发灶外可疑处取材证实肾癌者为多中心灶阳性。免疫组化法检查肾癌原发灶及多中心灶p5 3、PCNA、c erbB2 、CD44 v6、bcl 2、nm2 3 H1 蛋白表达情况。　结果　多中心灶发生率为 15 .7%( 16 10 2 ) ,16例多中心性肾癌中 ,原发灶与多中心灶p5 3、PCNA、c erbB2 、CD44 v6、bcl 2、nm2 3 H1 蛋白表达情况均相近 ,统计学处理差异无显著性意义 (P均 >0 .4)。　结论　肾癌多中心灶具有与原发灶相似的生物学特征 ,其发生以原发灶肾内转移可能性大。     

肾恶性肿瘤肾外供血动脉的来源及临床意义

目的研究肾恶性肿瘤肾外动脉供血的形成机制，以指导介入治疗。方法对141例肾恶性肿瘤患者，常规进行腹主动脉造影及选择性可疑供血动脉造影，分析其肾外供血动脉的特征及形成机制。结果141例患者中51例有肾外供血动脉（共87支），这些患者肿瘤均突破肾包膜；90例无肾外供血动脉，其中50例肿瘤突破肾包膜，40例肿瘤未突破肾包膜，两者差异有统计学意义（X^2=31．64，P＜0．01）。肾外供血动脉的来源与肿瘤发生的部位有关。结论明确肾恶性肿瘤肾外供血动脉的来源，对于指导临床治疗具有重要的意义。     

Laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for the small exophytic renal mass.

OBJECTIVES: Nephron-sparing surgery has emerged as the treatment of choice for the incidentally detected small renal mass, especially those less than 4 cm in size. We describe our technique and experience with the laparoscopic excision of these lesions. METHODS: Between June 2001 and October 2003, 20 patients underwent nephron-sparing surgery at our institution. Twenty-one laparoscopic partial nephrectomy procedures were performed. All tumors were detected incidentally by cross-sectional imaging. All patients had a solid renal mass or a complex cystic renal mass of Bosniak category III or greater. All solid tumors were exophytic and less than 4cm in diameter. Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches were used. Hemostasis was achieved without hilar control in 20 of the 21 cases. RESULTS: Twenty renal units were approached transperitoneally, and 1 retroperitoneally. Mean tumor size was 2.6 cm (range, 1.2 to 4). Mean estimated blood loss was 211 mL (range, 50 to 500), and mean operative time was 165 minutes. Pathology revealed renal cell carcinoma in 14 (70%). No intraoperative complications occurred. Two patients required blood transfusions postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Carefully selected patients with small, exophytic renal masses can safely undergo laparoscopic excision. When achievable, this procedure can be a more logical alternative to ablative techniques for the minimally invasive management of such lesions.     

Prednisone-Free Maintenance Immunosuppression—A 5-Year Experience

Concern persists that prednisone-free maintenance immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients will be associated with an increase in late allograft dysfunction and graft loss. We herein report 5-year follow-up of a trial of prednisone-free maintenance immunosuppression. From October 1, 1999, through January 31, 2005, at our center, 589 kidney transplant recipients were treated with a protocol incorporating discontinuation of their prednisone on postoperative day 6. At 5 years, actuarial patient survival was 91%; graft survival, 84%; death-censored graft survival, 92%; acute rejection-free graft survival, 84% and chronic rejection-free graft survival, 87%. The mean serum creatinine level (+/-SD) at 1 year was 1.6 +/- 0.6; at 5 years, 1.7 +/- 0.8. In all, 86% of kidney recipients with functioning grafts remain prednisone-free as of April 30, 2005. As compared with historical controls, recipients on prednisone-free maintenance immunosuppression had a significantly lower rate of a number of complications, including cataracts (p < 0.001), posttransplant diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), avascular necrosis (p = 0.001), and fractures (p = 0.004). We conclude that prednisone-related side effects can be minimized in a protocol incorporating prednisone-free maintenance immunosuppression. Five-year graft outcome remains good.     

Clinical Significance of an Early Protocol Biopsy in Living-Donor Renal Transplantation: Ten-Year Experience at a Single Center

We report here our 10-year experience of a biopsy performed at day 14 after transplantation in 304 patients with stable graft function. The factors that may have influenced subclinical rejection were analyzed according to histology. The incidence of subclinical rejection was 13.2%. Addition of mycophenolate mofetile (MMF) as a primary immunosuppressant significantly decreased the incidence of subclinical rejection compared with patients without such treatment (odds ratio, 0.23; p < 0.05). On the other hand, HLA-DR antigen mismatch (odds ratio, 2.39) and unrelated donor (odds ratio, 2.10) were also significantly associated with decreased subclinical rejection (p < 0.05). The incidence of acute rejection in patients with normal findings was lower than in those with borderline changes or subclinical rejection (0.23 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.07 and 0.60 +/- 0.11, respectively; p < 0.05). The graft survival rates in patients with subclinical rejection were lower than in patients with normal or borderline changes at 1 (88.4% vs. 97.9% and 99.1%; p < 0.05), 5 (77.8% vs. 96.2% and 95.9%; p < 0.05) and 10 (62.3% vs. 96.2% and 93.7%; p < 0.05) years. Thus, a protocol biopsy performed on day 14 after transplantation is useful for predicting graft survival. Triple therapy including MMF, related donor and HLA-DR antigen match are important factors for reducing subclinical rejection in living-donor renal transplantation.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石110例

目的总结输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床效果。方法采用F8/9.8 Wolf硬性输尿管镜、JUN—AIR气压弹道碎石机治疗110例输尿管结石。结果输尿管镜直视下一次碎石成功105例，成功率95．5％（105／110），1～6周内结石全部排净。2例因置镜失败改开放手术，3例输尿管上段结石上移至肾脏行ESWL2例，口服排石药物治疗1例。术后泌尿系感染5例，轻度肉眼血尿1～3d。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石是治疗输尿管中、下段结石的有效方法之一，具有碎石率高、安全、并发症少、操作简单的优点。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石（附32例报告）

目的 总结输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床效果。方法 回顾分析32例应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石患者资料。男10例，女22例；平均年龄29岁。结石位于输尿管下段24例，中段6例。上段2例。其中行原位体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗后结石未能排出者8例。结果 碎石成功率90．6％（29／32）。2例因输尿管异常置镜失败，转开放性手术；1例输尿管穿孔后留置双J管，择期行ESWL治疗成功。B超显示肾积水较术前减轻或消失，KUB、IVP未发现输尿管狭窄。结论 输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石创伤小、成功率高、并发症少。     

对原发性骨质疏松诊断的一些看法

原发性骨质疏松的诊断首先要除外继发性骨质疏松。后者包括的范围很广，内容也很多，需要广博的内科学基础和辨证的逻辑思维才能予以正确鉴别。骨密度检查只能作为一种参考，而不能作为诊断原发性骨质疏松的唯一依据。     

3种微创手术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的比较经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石(URSL)联合体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、微创经皮肾镜取石(mini-PCNL)、后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法153例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按治疗方法分为三组:URSL联合ESWL(联合组)治疗60例,mini-PCNL治疗65例,RLU治疗28例。结果联合组有5例转开放手术取石,余50例患者平均手术时间(65.45±16.39)min,术后并发症发生率为23.64%(13/55),1个月后结石清除率为90.91%(50/55)。mini-PCNL组无中转,平均手术时间(50.38±12.91)min,术后并发症发生率为9.23%(6/65),1个月后结石清除率为100%。RLU组有2例转开放取石,平均手术时间(81.73±17.89)min,术后并发症发生率为15.38%(4/26),1个月后结石清除率为100%(26/26)。mini-PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院时间均显著短于联合组和RLU组;并发症发生率明显低于联合组;1个月后结石清除率明显高于联合组。结论mini-PCNL治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石具有手术时间短、结石清除率高、术后并发症少、恢复快的优点。