肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。     

国产医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶对动物内脏器官影响的实验研究

目的对国产医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(奥美定)进行动物的实验研究,以初步证明奥美定是安全的软组织填充剂。方法将56只日本大耳白兔随机分为实验组、对照组和空白组,实验组注射奥美定配制液,对照组注射生理盐水配制液,空白组不行任何注射。分别于注射后的第1、3、6、11、12个月做血常规及肝、肾功能检查,同时将兔的内脏组织行光镜和电镜观察。结果实验组:注射奥美定后1~6个月兔内脏的组织学观察有轻度改变,6个月后逐渐转为“正常”;血常规及肝、肾功能无明显影响。与对照组和空白组比较(P>0.01),差异无显著意义。结论初步认为奥美定是安全的软组织填充剂,但尚需进一步研究及长期的临床观察。     

Renal growth after neonatal urinary tract infection

This study presents the result of 12–21 years' follow-up in a group of children with neonatal urinary tract infection (onset within 1 month after birth) in whom early renal growth retardation was noted without concomitant classical renal scarring. In all cases the neonatal infection was diagnosed and treated within a few days of onset and the patients were closely supervised thereafter. Renal length, parenchymal thickness and area were measured at urography. At first follow-up (22 children, mean age 4.1 years) a significant reduction of renal parenchymal thickness was noted. Long-term follow-up (18 patients, mean age 17 years) demonstrated a normalization of renal size in the entire group, although less complete in the subgroup with reflux. There were two major findings in the present study. Firstly, renal growth retardation was seen after neonatal infection, both with and without reflux. Secondly, normalization of renal size in previously small kidneys was demonstrated, suggesting that growth retardation can be a reversible phenomenon. The tendency for such normalization was slightly more marked in children without reflux. Reduction of parenchymal thickness without calyceal deformity, therefore, does not necessarily mean irreversible damage, and differentiation between permanent scarring and temporary growth retardation can thus only be made at later follow-up, possibly not until after puberty. The demonstration of renal growth retardation in spite of early diagnosis and treatment emphasizes the great vulnerability of the kidney in the newborn.     

Renal Aspergilloma--A Case Illustrating the Problems of Medical Therapy

The second documented case of renal aspergilloma due to Aspergillusflavus is presented. The merits of the medical therapy thatfailed are discussed. Pathological examination showed a nidusof aspergillus around suture material persisting from a pyelolithotomyoperation 2 years before in India. We argue that this was thereason for the failure of the medical therapy. This is the firstcase of its kind reported.     

输尿管上段结石的微创手术治疗

目的：探讨输尿管上段结石的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石(URSL），后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石(RLU)、经皮肾穿刺取石(PCNL)治疗输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中URSL组25例，RLU组20例。PCNL组9例。结果：URSL组碎石成功18例；7例不成功，其中3例改为开放手术，1例改为后腹腔镜取石。2例行ESWL术，1例仅留置双J管。术后1个月拔管后自行排出。2例并发输尿管穿孔。RLU组取石成功18例，2例滑入肾内，经配合输尿管镜和腹腔镜直视下经皮肾穿刺取石成功，术后15例有伤口漏尿。PCNL组成功9例，无并发症。结论：USRL创伤小。术后恢复快。是治疗输尿管上段结石的较为满意的治疗方法。PCNL创伤小，取石成功率高，在结石靠近肾盂、儿童输尿管上段结石并同侧肾结石和结石以下输尿管狭窄时应优先考虑。但技术难度较大。RLU可作为URSL不成功后的辅助治疗方法。     

肾移植术后发生高尿酸血症的机制

目的：探讨肾移植术后发生高尿酸血症的机制及防治策略。方法：分析480例肾移植术后患者的临床资料。结果：肾移植术后移植肾功能正常而血尿酸增高者43例(9％)，其中痛风7例，移植肾肾盂或输尿管结石3例。随访1～5年，1例痛风患者血尿酸及症状控制不理想，余血尿酸均控制在正常水平，未见并发症的发生。结论：高尿酸血症是肾移植术后较常见的问题，发生原因较多，但主要与环孢素A的作用有关；长期降尿酸及碱化尿液治疗安全、有效。     

肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊治

目的　探讨肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断与治疗。　方法　回顾性分析 4 3例肾移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料。男 35例 ,女 8例 ,平均年龄 32岁。发病时间平均为术后 5 9d。　结果　 4 3例患者中 ,白色念珠菌 16例 ,克柔念珠菌 4例 ,近平滑念珠菌 2例 ,曲霉菌 4例 ,毛霉菌 3例 ,新型隐球菌 1例 ,奴卡菌 2例 ,其中 14例有细菌、巨细胞病毒混合感染。 11例培养阴性。氟康唑10 0mg/次 ,3次 /d ,连续 10d ,治愈 2 3例 ;两性霉素B脂质体 5 0mg/d ,连续 10d ,治愈 17例 ;死亡 3例。　结论　肺部真菌感染是肾移植术后的严重并发症 ,死亡率高。早期诊断与治疗效果良好。     

Correlation between levels of serum immunoglobulin、complement and immunopathology in glomerular disease

目的 探讨肾小球疾病免疫球蛋白、补体水平与免疫病理的相关性.方法 112 例肾小球疾病患者,14 例健康人测定血清免疫球蛋白及补体,112 例肾小球疾病患者,112 例患者行肾活组织病理检查.结果 112 例肾小球疾病患者 IgG 升高 11 例(9.82%),降低 29 例(25.89%),IgA 升高 33 例(29.46%),降低 2 例(1.79%).IgM 升高 7 例(6.25%),降低 3 例(2.68%),三种免疫球蛋白的变化有显著差异(x2=70.587,P=O.000);C3 减低 29 例(25.89%),C4减低 32 例(28.57%),两者比较无显著差异(X2=0.203,P=0.653).免疫荧光阳性率依次为C3(50%)>lgA(49.11%)>IgG(40.18%)>lgM(21.43%)>C4(14.29%)(x2=49.303,P=0.000);免疫荧光 IgA 阳性者血清 lgA 水平较阴性者高(P=0.042),C3、CA阳性者血清 C3、c4 水平较阴性者低(P=0,P=0.007),IgG、IgM 阳性者血清 IgG、lgM 水平与阴性者比较无差异(P=0.136,P=0.383).结论 肾小球疾病存在体液免疫紊乱,测定血清免疫球蛋白、补体及行肾组织免疫病检有助于了解体液免疫状况,估计疾病活动度,判断疗效,但两种检查之间无明显的相关性,可相互补充,不能相互替代.     

Three-dimensional assessment of urinary stone on non-contrast helical computed tomography as the predictor of stonestreet formation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for stones smaller than 20 mm

The incidence of stonestreet formation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) rises with increasing stone burden. However, stonestreet after ESWL is often experienced even in stones smaller than 20 mm. To examine whether the non-contrast helical computed tomography (CT) data could predict stonestreet formation in these stones, 53 radiopaque stones of 5-20 mm treated with ESWL were evaluated. Maximal dimension was measured on plain radiograph. From an attenuation value histogram graphed from the CT data, total stone volume and mean attenuation value were calculated. Seven stonestreets longer than 25 mm developed. There was no significant difference in maximal dimension and total stone volume between stones that did and stones that did not develop stonestreet. Mean attenuation value was the sole significant predictive factor. Application of mean attenuation value with cut-off level of 650 HU would anticipate stonestreet formation with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 71.7%. The estimated risk of stonestreet formation is high in the treatment of stones with higher mean attenuation value.