抗结核药血药浓度监测及临床疗效与安全性分析

目的:建立测定抗结核药血药浓度的方法,并观察其临床疗效与安全性。方法:选择我院2007年8月-2010年12月164例结核病住院患者,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分别测定患者连续服药1个月后异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺的血药浓度,分析不同血药浓度的临床疗效及肝损害情况。结果:异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺的血药浓度高于正常浓度范围者分别占9.1%、12.8%、24.4%,低于正常浓度范围者分别占54.3%、9.8%、6.7%。临床疗效以完全改善和明显改善者居多,占92.1%。药物性肝损害多发生在用药后1个月内,以老年人多见。49例肝损害患者中血药浓度高于正常者占73.5%。结论:HPLC法可用于抗结核药血药浓度监测,其结果是临床调整用药剂量的重要依据,对结核病患者合理用药具有重要意义。     

The influence of dose and <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) genotype and phenotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isoniazid

Objective This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (INH) associated with optimal early bactericidal activity (EBA), defined as 90% of the maximum EBA (EBA₉₀) and the influence of N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) subtype on the ability of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients to reach the identified pharmacokinetic values after INH doses ranging from 0.2 to 10–12 mg/kg body weight. Methods INH serum concentrations and NAT2 subtype were determined during four studies of PTB patients in three of whom the EBA of INH was determined. The relationship of EBA to area under the curve (AUC) and 2-h serum concentrations was examined by exponential regression and fitted curves estimated the and 2-h serum concentrations at which EBA₉₀ was reached. Results EBA₉₀ was reached at an of 10.52 μg/ml per hour and 2-h serum concentrations of 2.19 μg/ml. An of 10.52 μg/ml per hour was reached by all 66 patients receiving a 10–12 mg/kg INH dose and all 21 receiving 6 mg/kg, except 1 of 10 (10%) homozygous fast (FF) acetylators; however, at 5 mg/kg, 4 of 12 (33%) FF and 26 of 27 (96%) heterozygous fast (FS), but all 21 homozygous slow (SS) acetylators did so; and 1 of 3 (33%) FF, 2 of 6 (33%) FS, but all 4 SS acetylators at dose 3 mg/kg. An INH 2-h serum concentration of 2.19 μg/ml was reached by all 66 patients receiving 10–12 mg/kg and all 21 receiving 6 mg/kg, except for 2 (20%) FF acetylators at a dose of 5 mg/kg; however, only 3 (25%) of 12 FF acetylators, but 26 (96%) of 27 FS acetylators, and all 21 SS acetylators reached this concentration; and at a dose of 3 mg/kg, 1 (33%) of 3 FF acetylators, 2 (33%) of 6 FF, but all 4 SS acetylators. Conclusions At a 6 mg/kg dose, all except a minority of FF NAT2 acetylators, achieve an INH and 2-h INH serum concentrations associated with EBA₉₀, as did all 4 SS acetylators receiving 3 mg/kg. Any dose reduction below 6 mg/kg body weight will tend to disadvantage a significant proportion of faster acetylators, but, conversely, SS acetylators require only a 3 mg/kg dose to achieve a satisfactory exposure to INH.     

Efficacy of isoniazid salvage therapy for latent tuberculosis infection in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders – A retrospective cohort study in Taiwan

Background

Active tuberculosis (TB) in patients with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was associated with use of biological agents for immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs). For decreasing active TB, isoniazid prophylaxis therapy was administered before biologic therapy among IMID patients with LTBI. However, for patients who had been received biologics for a long time with unknown status of LTBI or exposure history of active TB, the prevalence of LTBI and efficacy of isoniazid therapy were unclear.

脊柱结核病灶中抗痨药物浓度的测定

目的研究脊柱结核病椎各部位抗结核药物的分布特点,为脊柱结核化疗方案与手术治疗方法的改进提供理论依据。方法24例应用2SHRZ/2.5H2R2Z2(4.5个月)方案化疗结合手术治疗的脊柱结核患者,按有无病椎骨硬化分为硬化组和非硬化组。化疗第4周手术,依据手术取材时间分为术晨服药后120~130、180~190min两个时相点,取硬化组的病椎硬化壁、硬化壁外“亚正常骨”、硬化壁内结核病变组织和非硬化组的病椎结核病变组织、病变组织外“亚正常骨”以及两组患者的血浆、髂骨,采用高效液相色谱法测定上述样本的药物浓度。结果(1)吡嗪酰胺(PZA)和异烟肼(INH)各时相血药浓度与文献报道健康人单次服药的药时数据相近,利福平(RFP)则低25%,各药血药浓度高于髂骨及病椎组织中的药物浓度。(2)两组中“亚正常骨”与髂骨内的INH和RFP均达到了各自的杀菌浓度水平,PZA超过其细胞内酸性条件下MIC的5倍。三种药物各自在“亚正常骨”与自身对照的髂骨之间浓度相近。(3)硬化组中硬化壁的药物浓度仅为各药的最小抑菌浓度水平(MICs),远低于壁外围“亚正常骨”,壁内的结核病变组织中未检出上述三种药。(4)非硬化组结核坏死、干酪组织中RFP及PZA的浓度相当于各自的MICs,远低于其他组分,而INH却达到细胞内杀菌浓度。结论INH、RFP和PZA在脊柱结     

中国异烟肼耐药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的: 明确中国异烟肼(INH)耐药结核分枝杆菌基因突变的分子特征。方法: 在PubMed、中国知网、万方、维普数据库中检索有关中国结核分枝杆菌耐INH基因突变的研究文献,对纳入文献的突变基因的突变位点、突变类型,以及氨基酸改变数量等信息进行整合分析。结果: 共纳入69篇中英文文献,共6393株INH耐药结核分枝杆菌。95.71%(6119/6393)检测到基因突变或缺失,其中katG、inhA、aphC突变数量最多,分别占77.57%(4959/6393)、15.20%(972/6393)、3.69%(236/6393)。单基因单位点突变占87.80%(5613/6393),联合突变占12.20%(780/6393)。katG315突变占INH耐药菌株总数的56.22%(3594/6393),katG463突变占10.03%(641/6393),inhA15突变占10.10%(646/6393)。突变形式最常见的是C→T,占10.03%(641/6393)。结论:中国INH耐药结核分枝杆菌突变基因最多的是katG、inhA、ahpC,突变密码子最多的是katG315、katG463、inhA15。     

基因芯片与线性探针技术检测涂阳肺结核患者痰标本MTB耐药性的价值

目的 评价基因芯片技术与线性探针技术(GenoType MTBDRplus)快速检测MTB耐药性的临床应用价值。方法 选取西安市胸科医院2017年4月至2018年8月住院治疗的493例涂阳肺结核患者作为研究对象,收集其痰标本,痰标本量均不少于2ml。每例患者用同一份痰标本分别进行基因芯片检测、线性探针检测和BACTEC MGIT 960液体培养(简称“MGIT 960液体培养”),同时对培养阳性且鉴定为MTB的临床分离株进行MGIT 960液体药物敏感性试验(简称“药敏试验”)。以MGIT 960液体药敏试验结果为参照标准,分析基因芯片技术及线性探针技术检测涂阳肺结核患者痰标本MTB利福平和异烟肼耐药性的效能。结果 454例研究对象同时具有3种药敏试验检测结果。以MGIT 960液体药敏试验结果为参照标准,基因芯片法和线性探针法检测涂阳肺结核患者痰标本MTB利福平耐药性的敏感度、特异度、Kappa值分别为89.0%(65/73)、96.1%(366/381)、0.82和90.4%(66/73)、96.1%(366/381)、0.83;检测涂阳肺结核患者痰标本MTB异烟肼耐药性的敏感度、特异度、Kappa值分别为80.2%(93/116)、96.7%(327/338)、0.80和81.9%(95/116)、97.0%(328/338)、0.82。454例涂阳肺结核患者痰标本中,453例应用2种分子生物学检测方法检测MTB利福平耐药性结果相同,符合率为99.8%;445例应用2种分子生物学方法检测MTB异烟肼耐药性结果相同,符合率为98.0%。结论 基因芯片技术和线性探针技术(GenoType MTBDRplus)检测涂阳肺结核患者痰标本MTB利福平和异烟肼耐药性与MGIT 960液体药敏试验具有较高的一致性,二者均可为临床提供快速、特异的耐药检测结果。     

应用基因芯片直接检测结核病患者各类标本中利福平和异烟肼耐药的价值

目的 研究结核分枝杆菌(MTB)耐药基因芯片直接检测结核病患者临床标本中利福平和异烟肼耐药相关基因的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析125例通过硝基苯甲酸(PNB)和噻吩-2-羧酸肼(TCH)鉴别培养为MTB的临床标本,其中痰标本90例、支气管灌洗液12例、脓液12例、胸腔积液6例、组织标本3例、腹腔积液和尿液标本各1例,应用绝对浓度法同时进行利福平(RFP)和异烟肼(INH)药物敏感性试验(简称“绝对浓度法药敏试验”),并用基因芯片直接检测临床标本中MTB rpoB、katG和inhA基因型。以绝对浓度法药敏试验为标准,评价基因芯片检测RFP、INH耐药和耐多药(MDR)的敏感度和特异度,并且比较两种检测结果的一致性。结果 在125例结核病患者临床标本中,绝对浓度法药敏试验显示对RFP、INH的耐药率和MDR发生率分别为20.0%(25/125)[其中高耐占88.0%(22/25)、低耐占12.0%(3/25)]、17.6%(22/125)[其中高耐占18.2%(4/22)、低耐占81.8%(18/22)]、16.8%(21/125)。初治和复治结核病患者临床标本中MDR-MTB的检出率分别为7.6%(7/92)和39.4%(13/33)。以绝对浓度法药敏试验为标准,应用基因芯片直接检测临床标本中MTB rpoB、katG和inhA基因型,预示对RFP、INH耐药和MDR的敏感度分别为72.0%(18/25)、63.6%(14/22)和61.9%(13/21),特异度分别为91.0%(91/100)、86.4%(89/103)和89.4%(93/104),两种方法的一致率分别为87.2%(109/125)、82.4%(103/125)和84.8%(106/125)。 结论 应用耐药基因芯片直接检测结核病患者临床标本中MTB对 RFP和INH耐药的相关基因突变具有中等的敏感度和较高的特异度,可快速检出对RFP、INH耐药和MDR-TB患者,为临床早期开展有效化疗提供实验依据。     

结核分枝杆菌katG、inhA、ahpC等突变与异烟肼耐药关系的研究

目的：了解结核分枝杆菌katG、inhA、ahpC、fabG1、sodA及sodC基因突变的特征及其与耐异烟肼的关系。方法对127例活动性肺结核患者痰标本进行菌型鉴定及结核分枝杆菌药敏试验,提取结核分枝杆菌菌株DNA,应用PCR扩增katG、inhA及ahpC、fabG1、sodA及sodC基因片段,并进行DNA序列分析。结果结核分枝杆菌药物敏感试验显示127株结核分枝杆菌中,其中47株耐异烟肼,80株对异烟肼敏感,耐异烟肼率为37.01%。47株耐异烟肼中,29株存在katG和（或）inhA基因突变,其中22株（46.81%,22/47）存在katG基因单位点突变,3株（6.38%,3/47）存在inhA基因单位点突变,4株（8.51%,4/47）存在katG及inhA基因联合位点突变。22株katG基因单位点突变中,20株为AGC315ACC、AGC315AAC （42.55%,20/47）突变,2株（2.13%,1/47）分别为CTG378CCG（Leu378Pro）、ACG394ATG（Thr394Met）突变,该突变位点及突变形式尚未见文献报道。18株katG及inhA未突变结核分枝杆菌均未检测到ahpC、fabG1、sodA及sodC基因突变。结论结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼耐药主要与katG和inhA基因突变有关。耐异烟肼结核分枝杆菌临床分离株378和394新突变位点的发现为进一步研究耐药机制以及耐药结核病的快速检测提供了依据。     

Genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 and CYP2E1 associated with antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Korean patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis attributed to isoniazid (INH) is one of the most prevalent drug-induced liver injuries. INH is metabolized by hepatic N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to form hepatotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether polymorphisms of the NAT2 and/or CYP2E1 genes were associated with antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Korean patients. A total of 132 patients with tuberculosis who received antituberculosis treatment were followed prospectively. Their NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with or without sequencing. Eighteen (13.6%) patients developed antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Regarding NAT2, slow acetylators had a higher incidence of hepatotoxicity than rapid acetylators (36.8% vs. 9.7%, P=0.005) and there was a 3.8-fold risk of hepatotoxicity for the slow acetylators compared to the rapid acetylators. For the CYP2E1 gene, the RsaI polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region, and a polymorphic repetitive sequence at the CYP2E1 5'-flaking region were analyzed; there was no significant association between any CYP2E1 genotype and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, slow acetylator status of NAT2 was a significant susceptibility risk factor for antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity; NAT2 genotyping may be a useful tool for predicting antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity.