Emotion Recognition in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

We examined upper facial basic emotion recognition in 57 subjects with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (M = 13.5 years) and 33 typically developing controls (M = 14.3 years) by using a standardized computer-aided measure (The Frankfurt Test and Training of Facial Affect Recognition, FEFA). The ASD group scored lower than controls on the total scores of FEFA and perceived ambiguous stimuli more often as a negative emotion. The older ASD group (≥12 years) performed better than the younger ASD group (<12 years) on the blended emotions of FEFA. The results support the findings that individuals with ASD have difficulties in emotion recognition. However, older subjects with ASD seem to have better skills than younger subjects with ASD.     

Interpretations of and memory for bodily sensations during public speaking

This study examined whether negative interpretations of bodily sensations result in a memory bias for such sensations under conditions of social evaluation. Undergraduate students (N = 77) were connected to equipment which they were told would measure their physiology and were trained on how to monitor their physiology via computer feedback as they gave a video-taped speech. Approximately half of participants (n = 41) were told that their physiological feedback provides important information about their performance, and those remaining (n = 36) were told that their physiological feedback is unrelated to their performance. Participants were subsequently given free recall and recognition tests for the computer feedback. Results suggest that believing physiological feedback is related to quality of performance resulted in enhanced memory for all information about bodily sensations. Furthermore, heightened social anxiety was associated with enhanced processing of stimuli associated with increasing physiology whereas lower social anxiety was associated with enhanced processing of stimuli associated with stable physiology when the belief that physiological feedback provides important information about performance is activated. Results are discussed in relation to cognitive-behavioural models of social anxiety.     

A Space Odyssey: Experimental Manipulation of Threat Perception and Anxiety-Related Interpretation Bias in Children

This study provides a first test of an experimental method, the “space odyssey” paradigm, that was designed to manipulate interpretation bias in children. Seventy non-clinical children aged 8–12 years first completed a standardized anxiety questionnaire. Following this, they completed the space odyssey paradigm to induce either a negative or a positive interpretation bias. After this stage of interpretation training, children were presented with a series of ambiguous vignettes for which they had to rate perceived levels of threat as an index of interpretation bias. Results indicated that the space odyssey paradigm was successful in training interpretations: children in the negative training condition quickly learned to choose negative outcomes, while children in the positive training condition rapidly learned to select positive outcomes. Most importantly, children’s subsequent threat perception scores for the ambiguous vignettes were affected by the manipulation. That is, children in the negative training condition perceived more threat than children in the positive training condition. Interestingly, the effects of training were most pronounced in high anxious children. Directions for future research with this paradigm are briefly discussed.

《肿瘤相关性高血糖管理指南（2021年版）》解读

恶性肿瘤和糖尿病均已逐渐成为中国常见的慢性非传染性疾病,两者关系密切,糖尿病患者中多种恶性肿瘤的发生风险增加、致死率高、预后不良,肿瘤患者中血糖升高很常见。部分恶性肿瘤可导致高血糖和（或）糖尿病,恶性肿瘤的治疗（包括手术应激、化疗药物、放射治疗、糖皮质激素、多种靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂的应用等）过程中可能出现高血糖和（或）糖尿病,统称为肿瘤相关性高血糖。肿瘤相关性高血糖在临床上管理难度大,血糖控制情况的好坏与恶性肿瘤患病风险及不良预后密切相关,目前尚无相关的指南可用于指导临床诊治和管理。因此,恶性肿瘤相关性高血糖的规范化管理问题日益受到内分泌科及肿瘤科专家的重视,临床上也迫切需要就肿瘤相关性高血糖的管理进行规范化的指导。有鉴于此,中国抗癌协会肿瘤内分泌专业委员会和重庆市中西医结合学会肿瘤内分泌分会综合国内肿瘤学和内分泌学多位专家的意见起草了《肿瘤相关性高血糖管理指南（2021年版）》。该指南除归纳和总结糖尿病与多种恶性肿瘤的关系,肿瘤导致高血糖和（或）糖尿病的病因,肿瘤相关性高血糖的流行病学,肿瘤相关性高血糖的概念,诊断和鉴别诊断标准外,还重点介绍了肿瘤相关性高血糖的规范化管理,包括肿瘤相关性高血糖的总体评估方法和原则,个体化控制目标,住院期间的管理（入院前准备,住院期间患者的血糖管理措施,胰岛素疗法,重症监护病房和非重症监护病房的管理,酮症酸中毒和高渗性高血糖状态,低血糖的处理,围手术期血糖管理,非进食肠内或肠外营养情况下血糖的管理,妊娠合并高血糖或糖尿病的管理,糖皮质激素的应用的管理,临终关怀,从住院到门诊的过渡,用药注意事项,出院前处理等情况）,多种降糖药物对恶性肿瘤的影响,肿瘤治疗药物对血糖的影响和门诊期间的管理,包括恶性肿瘤患者档案的建立,血糖及并发症相关问题的健康检查,长期的随访和评估。此外,结合中国医疗的实际情况,指南针对肿瘤相关性高血糖患者的双向转诊和分级诊疗提出了相关建议和标准,以利于各层级医疗机构和医务人员方便的执行。本指南对推荐意见根据循证医学证据等级分级原则提出了相应的分级,将有助于临床医师对肿瘤相关性高血糖患者进行合理化和规范化的管理,以期改善其临床结局和预后。现就该指南的内容和推荐意见做一解读。     

Genetic counseling and interpretation of genetic tests in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

PURPOSE: Genetic counseling and interpreting genetic test results can be complex. Moreover, without knowing the limitations of the methods used and the lifetime probability of developing cancer in individuals who carry a gene that predisposes to cancer, misinterpretation may lead to false assurance. The purpose of this review is to discuss how genetic counseling will benefit patients and their family, the genetic tests available for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, and the interpretation of results. METHODS: Current literature was reviewed and our clinical and research experiences were incorporated. RESULTS: This review serves as a guide to enable various health care providers to better counsel patients in their quest for advice on prevention, early detection, and surveillance for colorectal cancer. Notable topics of discussion are who should undergo genetic counseling and consider testing and how the interpretation of test results can be misleading; for example, understanding the difference between a no mutation detectedvs. a negative test result. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic counseling is of paramount importance for patients to fully understand the limitations of genetic testing and will aid in the management of patients who are susceptible to colorectal cancer.     

Interpretation of forensic cases based on empirical data

Over the course of the last years the importance of hair analysis increased obviously. For example work place testing, driving licence cases, so-called health checks, and especially in criminal acts the analysis of illicit substances is common. With the modern multiplex analytical methods (GC/MS, GC/MS/MS, LC/MS) the routine analytical probe of hair is in general unproblematic. But one of the major problems in hair analysis is the interpretation of the results. To solve this difficult and challenging task statistical data as a source of information could be a helpful tool. Examination of more than 1,000 hair segments within the past 2 years using gas chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) as the preferred method for conducting the daily routine detection of the most prevalently abused drugs and metabolites, such as cannabinoids, cocaine, some synthetic drugs from the amphetamine group, and opiates serve as the basis for the statistics. The quantity of analytical results and additional essential facts have been documented in the publication to present our sources of information and supplementary data to prepare forensic reports. We hereby state that we do not have a significant financial interest or other relationship with any product manufacturer or provider of services discussed in this article.     

《素问释义》注释特点的研究

<素问释义>由张琦注于道光九年,是清代一部较为重要的校注本.该书注解简洁,部分注文精辟且有新意,对国内外的<内经>研究均产生了一定影响.通过对<素问释义>注文进行研究,认为张琦注释<素问>的特点主要可概括为批判地继承前人注文;以阐释医理为主;酌加按语;注有详略;评议篇文;文义未详者,存疑待考或仅提出倾向性意见等六个方面.     

Oral glucose tolerance test in 100 normal children

Summary Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were conducted in 100 normal, non-obese children aged 4 to 15 years with a negative family history for diabetes. Glucose was administered in a 20% solution (1.75 g/kg body weight), and blood glucose levels were determined by the o-toluidine technique (capillary microglycemia in whole blood). The following results were obtained: fasting: 79±26 mg/100 ml ( ±2 SD); 30 min: 121±54 mg/100 ml; 60 min: 103 ± 42 mg/100 ml; 90 min: 98±36 mg/100 ml; 120 min: 90±36 mg/100 ml. Individually, 70 children showed peak blood glucose at 30 min (sub-group A), 19 at 60 min (sub-group B); 5 at 90 min (sub-group C), and 6 showed flat curves (sub-group D). The +2 SD values of some of these sub-groups slightly exceeded that of the whole 100-children group. This suggests that normal curves pertaining to these sub-groups might be considered pathologic if referred to the statistical values of the whole groups. Out of the 100 children, 4 showed one value above +2 SD, and 3 showed two values above that limit. At 120 min, however, none of the individual or group values were above ±2 SD (126 mg/100 ml), which supports other authors’ criteria regarding the importance of the 120-min value in this test. On the basis of the present findings, normal OGTT’s were defined as those in which all values except for one, which must not be the 120-min value, fall within the ±2 SD range calculated for the whole group. Normal children may present two values, except for the 120-min value, slightly above +2 SD, although we consider retesting advisable in such cases. Supported byConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), F.L.I.P. — Casa Cuna andQuímica Hoechst Argentina.     

„Im Anfang war das Wort...“

Zusammenfassung Der Versuch, dem Wort in der Medizin gründlich nachzuspüren, führt unweigerlich in den prophetischen Sog der Dichter. In Psychotherapie und Medizin wird in der konkreten Beziehung zwischen zwei Menschen Leid zu heilen oder zu lindern versucht. Hierbei vermag die Beschäftigung mit der Literatur wesentliche Hilfestellungen zu leisten. Sie trägt, in dem Wissen, wie schwierig es ist, das, was uns bewegt, auch und vor allem am Krankenbett, ins Wort zu bringen, dazu bei die notwendige Behutsamkeit zu errreichen.Vortrag beim Symposium Medizin im Kontext: Sprache (in) der Medizin, Unterhammer im Karlstal in Trippstadt bei Kaiserslautern, 05.05.2006.