中医术语里的模糊现象与翻译策略

从中医符号的概括性与抽象性,物象间的相互关联性,对物象解释能力的有限性以及人为的语言模糊化这四个模糊语言产生的主要原因出发,结合实例,论证了中医术语里存在大量模糊现象,针对这一现象,文章提出通过西化法,补删法,阐析法,直译法,音译法和音译加附注法等,可使种种模糊术语浮出水面,从而推动中医英译工作的健康发展。     

Prognostic utility of HOXB13:IL17BR and molecular grade index in early-stage breast cancer patients from the Stockholm trial

Background:

A dichotomous index combining two gene expression assays, HOXB13 : IL17BR (H : I) and molecular grade index (MGI), was developed to assess risk of recurrence in breast cancer patients. The study objective was to demonstrate the prognostic utility of the combined index in early-stage breast cancer.

Methods:

In a blinded retrospective analysis of 588 ER-positive tamoxifen-treated and untreated breast cancer patients from the randomised prospective Stockholm trial, H : I and MGI were measured using real-time RT–PCR. Association with patient outcome was evaluated by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression. A continuous risk index was developed using Cox modelling.

Results:

The dichotomous H : I+MGI was significantly associated with distant recurrence and breast cancer death. The >50% of tamoxifen-treated patients categorised as low-risk had <3% 10-year distant recurrence risk. A continuous risk model (Breast Cancer Index (BCI)) was developed with the tamoxifen-treated group and the prognostic performance tested in the untreated group was 53% of patients categorised as low risk with an 8.3% 10-year distant recurrence risk.

Conclusion:

Retrospective analysis of this randomised, prospective trial cohort validated the prognostic utility of H : I+MGI and was used to develop and test a continuous risk model that enables prediction of distant recurrence risk at the patient level.     

不同节气对松果腺摘除大鼠褪黑素的影响

目的探讨节气与松果腺-褪黑素的相关性。方法 96只Wistar大鼠分别于春分、秋分、夏至、冬至前40天随机分为生理组、手术组和伪手术组,每组各8只。手术组于春分、秋分、夏至、冬至(简称二分、二至)前1个月制备松果腺动物摘除模型,伪手术组只进行手术操作但不摘除松果腺,3组大鼠在相同条件下饲养到二分、二至当日20:00后取材检测四季血清和肺组织褪黑素(Mel)含量。结果生理组大鼠血清Mel春分显著高于其他3个季节(P<0.01);夏至低于秋分和冬至(P<0.05或P<0.01)。肺组织Mel春分显著高于其他3个季节(P<0.01);冬至高于夏至(P<0.05)。血清Mel春分、夏至生理组高于伪手术组(P<0.05);夏至手术组高于伪手术组(P<0.05)。肺组织Mel春分伪手术组显著高于生理组、手术组(P<0.01)。结论全年生理状态下大鼠血清和肺组织Mel呈现出春分最高,夏至最低的季节变化特点。松果腺作为重要中介物质,参与中医"肺应秋"的调控机制。     

我国东部沿海地区制药业技术创新效率收敛性分析

应用1996-2009年面板数据进行实证分析我国东部沿海地区制药业技术创新效率,并对此进行聚类分析,得出该地区制药业技术创新的三种不同模式。通过收敛性分析得出,东部沿海地区制药业技术创新效率差异呈现扩大趋势。建议企业在加大投入的同时,多注重技术创新资源的合理配置和投入方向。政府应该加强相关政策的支持力度,引导企业合理地进行技术创新。     

Do malocclusion and Helkimo Index ≥5 correlate with body posture?

Summary Whether there are correlations between the stomatognathic system and body posture remains controversial. Here, we have investigated whether malocclusal traits and having a Helkimo Index ≥5 show detectable correlations with body‐posture alterations in children and young adults. A total of 1178 11‐ to 19‐year‐old subjects were divided into four groups: (i) controls; (ii) malocclusion; (iii) Helkimo Index ≥5 and (iv) malocclusion + Helkimo Index ≥5. Dental occlusion assessment included the following: overbite, overjet, posterior crossbite, scissorbite, mandibular crowding and dental class. Subsequently, body‐posture assessments were performed through static analyses of body inclination and trunk asymmetry, and according to the dynamic Fukuda stepping test. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Although at the univariate level both the trunk asymmetry and Fukuda stepping test showed significant differences among the groups, the multivariate level revealed that age and gender were mostly responsible for this. The only significant correlation that was seen was for the malocclusion + Helkimo Index ≥5 group: these subjects had a positive (worse) trunk asymmetry and a negative (better) Fukuda stepping test performance. At the further multivariate analyses of each single malocclusal trait/Helkimo Index ≥5 (irrespective of the groups), only an increased overbite showed a statistically significant association with a slightly better Fukuda stepping test performance. Given the small number of significant associations seen and their limited entities, this study does not support the existence of clinically relevant correlations for malocclusal traits and Helkimo Index ≥5 with body posture in children and young adults.     

Involvement of nitric oxide pathways in neurogenic pulmonary edema induced by vagotomy

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of peripheral nitric oxide (NO) in vagotomy-induced pulmonary edema by verifying whether the nitric oxide synthases (NOS), constitutive (cNOS) and inducible (iNOS), participate in this mechanism.

INTRODUCTION:

It has been proposed that vagotomy induces neurogenic pulmonary edema or intensifies the edema of other etiologies.

METHODS:

Control and vagotomized rats were pretreated with 0.3 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg or 39.0 mg/kg of L-NAME, or with 5.0 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg or 20.0 mg/kg of aminoguanidine. All animals were observed for 120 minutes. After the animals'' death, the trachea was catheterized in order to observe tracheal fluid and to classify the severity of pulmonary edema. The lungs were removed and weighed to evaluate pulmonary weight gain and edema index.

RESULTS:

Vagotomy promoted pulmonary edema as edema was significantly higher than in the control. This effect was modified by treatment with L-NAME. The highest dose, 39.0 mg/kg, reduced the edema and prolonged the survival of the animals, while at the lowest dose, 0.3 mg/kg, the edema and reduced survival rates were maintained. Aminoguanidine, regardless of the dose inhibited the development of the edema. Its effect was similar to that observed when the highest dose of L-NAME was administered. It may be that the non-selective blockade of cNOS by the highest dose of L-NAME also inhibited the iNOS pathway.

CONCLUSION:

Our data suggest that iNOS could be directly involved in pulmonary edema induced by vagotomy and cNOS appears to participate as a protector mechanism.     

Association between body mass index and asthma symptoms among Korean children: a nation-wide study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of wheeze using nation-wide cross-sectional study in Korean children. Total 50,200 children from 427 elementary schools were randomly selected according to residential areas (metropolitan, provincial, rural, and industrial areas) by the cluster sampling method. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires were used to measure the prevalence of wheeze. Among 31,026 respondents, 25,322 were analyzed. BMI was classified into quartiles based on BMI-for-age percentile. In all residential areas, pets at home and visible mold or moisture were associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze in both genders. However, other living environment factors were not consistently associated among residential areas and gender. Among girls, lowest BMI was negatively associated with prevalence of wheeze and highest BMI was positively associated in all residential areas. In multilevel logistic regression analysis, environmental tobacco smoking exposure, pets at home, visible mold or moisture, and being in the lowest and highest BMI quartile were significantly associated with the prevalence of wheeze in both genders. BMI has become an important risk factor for asthma symptoms among Korean children.     

护理科技论文中关键词标引存在的问题分析

关键词是科技论文的文献检索标识,是表达文献主题概念的自然语言词汇。科技论文的关键词是从其题名、层次标题和正文中选出来的、能反映论文主题概念的词和词组。关键词是20世纪60年代出现的一种检索语言。在科技信息迅猛发展的今天,全世界每天有几十万篇科技论文发表,学术界往往利用关键词去检索最新发表的论文。     

MeSHy: Mining unanticipated PubMed information using frequencies of occurrences and concurrences of MeSH terms

Motivation

PubMed is the most widely used database of biomedical literature. To the detriment of the user though, the ranking of the documents retrieved for a query is not content-based, and important semantic information in the form of assigned Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms is not readily presented or productively utilized. The motivation behind this work was the discovery of unanticipated information through the appropriate ranking of MeSH term pairs and, indirectly, documents. Such information can be useful in guiding novel research and following promising trends.

Methods

A web-based tool, called MeSHy, was developed implementing a mainly statistical algorithm. The algorithm takes into account the frequencies of occurrences, concurrences, and the semantic similarities of MeSH terms in retrieved PubMed documents to create MeSH term pairs. These are then scored and ranked, focusing on their unexpectedly frequent or infrequent occurrences.

Results

MeSHy presents results through an online interactive interface facilitating further manipulation through filtering and sorting. The results themselves include the MeSH term pairs, along with MeSH categories, the score, and document IDs, all of which are hyperlinked for convenience. To highlight the applicability of the tool, we report the findings of an expert in the pharmacology field on querying the molecularly-targeted drug imatinib and nutrition-related flavonoids. To the best of our knowledge, MeSHy is the first publicly available tool able to directly provide such a different perspective on the complex nature of published work.

Implementation and availability

Implemented in Perl and served by Apache2 at http://bat.ina.certh.gr/tools/meshy/ with all major browsers supported.     

A learning-based approach for performing an in-depth literature search using MEDLINE

What is known and objective: Exhaustive literature searching is a core requirement for developing guidelines for evidence‐based practice. MEDLINE is typically used. Searching requires the user to identify appropriate search terms, called Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and refine the search to retrieve relevant articles. The objective of this study was to develop and test a learning algorithm for conducting a thorough literature search. Methods: A learning algorithm to effectively utilize MeSH terms is presented. This algorithm creates combinations of available MeSH terms from which a search is conducted. The algorithm was applied to search MEDLINE (January 1950 to Janaury 2008) focusing on the impact of pharmaceutical care in HIV‐infected patients. The number of relevant articles retrieved from the learning algorithm search was then compared against a static search with a fixed set of keywords implemented by an independent user. Results and Discussion: The learning algorithm retrieved 1670 articles with six relevant articles identified. The static search retrieved a total of 49 articles, with three being relevant. These three articles were also located from the learning algorithm‐based search. What is known and Conclusion: Performing a literature search for retrieving evidence‐based studies can be a daunting and error‐prone process. The introduction of automatic, learning tools for searching is desirable and we present a possible approach.