铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A的表达、纯化与生物学活性研究

目的利用基因工程技术制备铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(PE),为深入研究PE的致病机理和免疫防治奠定基础。方法应用PCR技术从铜绿假单胞菌基因组中扩增外毒素A全长结构基因,将其克降于原核表达载体pQE-31中,所构建的重组质粒经测序鉴定后转化大肠埃希菌JM109, IPTG诱导表达;制备融合蛋白包涵体,并采用Ni-NTA柱亲和层析、葡聚糖凝胶过滤和阴离子交换层析分离和纯化目的蛋白;采用透析法对纯化后的目的蛋白进行复性,MTT法测定复性后的重组PE对L929细胞、B16黑素瘤细胞的细胞毒活性。结果通过对PCR反应体系的优化,扩增到了PE全长结构基因。所构建的pQE-PE重组质粒经酶切及测序鉴定与设计序列一致;转化E.coli JM109后,IPTG诱导目的蛋白表达率约为25%;SDS-PAGE初步测定目的蛋白的相对分子质量(M_r)约为66×10~3,与理论预期值一致;破菌后电泳证实目的蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达。经亲和层析、葡聚糖凝胶过滤和阴离子交换层析后蛋白纯度大于95%。MTT法测得重组PE对L929细胞和B16黑素瘤细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50)值)分别为2.13μg/ml、2.58μg/ml。结论通过对PE的表达纯化,获得了具有细胞毒活性的重组PE,为利用基因工程手段大量制备PE的工作奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of phytochemicals from medicinal plants of Myrtaceae family on virulence factor production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Virulence factors regulated by quorum sensing (QS) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of an opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in causing infections to the host. Hence, in the present work, the anti‐virulence potential of the medicinal plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals from Myrtaceae family was evaluated against P. aeruginosa. In the preliminary screening of the tested medicinal plant extracts, Syzygium jambos and Syzygium antisepticum demonstrated a maximum inhibition in QS‐dependent violacein pigment production by Chromobacterium violaceum DMST 21761. These extracts demonstrated an inhibitory activity over a virulence factor, pyoverdin, production by P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC‐MS) analysis revealed the presence of 23 and 12 phytochemicals from the extracts of S. jambos and S. antisepticum respectively. Three top‐ranking phytochemicals, including phytol, ethyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, selected on the basis of docking score in molecular docking studies lowered virulence factors such as pyoverdin production, protease and haemolytic activities of P. aeruginosa to a significant level. In addition, the phytochemicals reduced rhamnolipid production by the organism. The work demonstrated an importance of plant‐derived compounds as anti‐virulence drugs to conquer P. aeruginosa virulence towards the host.     

Assessment of biofilm removal capacity of a broad host range bacteriophage JHP against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an efficient biofilm‐dwelling microbial pathogen, associated with nosocomial infections. These biofilm‐associated infections are resistant to antibiotics and immune defenses, therefore pose major problem against their treatment. This scenario demands alternative therapeutic regimens, and bacteriophage therapy is one among potential strategies for clinical management of multiple drug resistance. In this investigation, the efficacy of a bacteriophage, JHP, is evaluated to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms. Growth kinetics of P. aeruginosa biofilm revealed that the highest cell density biofilm (1.5 × 10¹⁶ CFU/mL) was established within the polystyrene microtiter plate at 72 h post inoculation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms of different ages, treated with JHP (0.6 MOI) for different post‐infection durations, reduced biomass from 2 to 4.5 logs (60–90%). JHP treatment before biofilm development reduced the bacterial load up to 9 logs (>95% bacterial load reduction) as compared with untreated control, which highlights its potential to prevent biofilm formation in indwelling medical devices. Combinations of JHP with other phages or antibiotics could be an efficient alternative for P. aeruginosa biofilm removal in clinical and industrial settings.     

Acquisition of different carbapenem resistance mechanisms by an epidemic clonal lineage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Multidrug-resistant isolates of a clonal lineage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing the VIM-2 metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL), involved in a large outbreak in an Italian hospital, were compared with MBL-negative strains that had caused outbreaks in two French hospitals. Although the isolates had different carbapenem MICs, the VIM-2-producing isolates from Italy carried identical, or very similar, allelic forms of the oprD gene, harboured a common class 1 integron, belonged to the same multilocus sequence type (ST111), and showed macrorestriction profiles that were related to those of the MBL-negative French strains. These results support the concept of independent acquisition of resistance determinants by members of a widespread clonal lineage of P. aeruginosa.     

Clinical review of endogenous endophthalmitis in Korea: a 14-year review of culture positive cases of two large hospitals

Purpose

To identify the clinical features and outcomes of endogenous endophthalmitis in Korea.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed 18 patients with endogenous endophthalmitis at 2 Korean hospitals, treated over a 14 year period between January 1993 and December 2006.

Results

The comorbidities observed in these cases were diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis. The most common pathogens, which were found in 7 patients each (38.9%), were Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All patients were treated with systemic antibiotics and fortified topical antibiotics. A surgical approach including vitrectomy was performed in 9 cases (50.0%). The prognosis was generally poor, and visual acuity improved slightly in 6 patients (33.3%).

Conclusion

In this study, diabetes mellitus and Klebsiella pneumonia showed a close relationship with endogenous endophthalmitis, respectively. Endogenous endophthalmitis is a serious risk to sight and careful attention to establishing the diagnosis and management may decrease the ocular morbidity.     

Faster activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in resistant mice during early innate response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are crucial for the outcome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. We compared PMNs and inflammatory cytokines in the lungs and blood from susceptible BALB/c and resistant C3H/HeN mice 1 and 2 days after intratracheal challenge with alginate embedded P. aeruginosa. These parameters were correlated with the quantitative bacteriology and histopathology of the lungs. After challenge, the content of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) was increased in the lungs and the sera and the percentage of PMNs was increased in the blood. However, 2 days after challenge the concentration of G-CSF and MIP-2 was higher in the lungs and sera of BALB/c mice. CD11b expression was higher on the PMNs of the C3H/HeN mice. The expression of CD62L on PMNs of both strains of mice was decreased 1 day after bacterial challenge, whereas the expression was increased after 2 days of challenge on PMNs of C3H/HeN mice only. These changes were accompanied by a more severe lung inflammation in BALB/c mice and faster clearance of the bacteria in C3H/HeN mice. In conclusion, the rapid early bacterial clearance in the lungs of C3H/HeN mice could be explained by faster activation of the PMNs, as indicated by the higher up-regulation of CD11b. The severe lung inflammation in BALB/c mice may be caused by the early higher content of G-CSF in the sera mobilizing PMNs from the bone marrow and the persistent chemotactic gradient provided by MIP-2 in the lungs.     

全耐药铜绿假单胞菌中多药外排泵mRNA表达的定量RT-PCR检测

目的分析4种重要的药物外排泵系统在临床分离的全耐药铜绿假单胞菌与全敏感铜绿假单胞菌中表达的差异。方法用SYBR G reenⅠ实时定量RT-PCR方法检测临床分离鉴定的全耐药和全敏感铜绿假单胞菌中4种外排泵M exAB-OprM、M exCD-OprJ、M exEF-OprN、M exXY-OprM的mRNA。结果全耐药菌株较全敏感菌株多药外排泵M exAB、M exXY、M exCD、M ex-EF的mRNA表达明显增高(P<0.01)。以敏感菌株拷贝平均数×4判定明显高表达,则全耐药菌M exAB高表达率为18.9%;M exXY高表达率为13.5%;M exCD高表达率为56.8%;M exEF高表达率为35.1%。37株全耐药菌有1种外排泵高表达的8株;2种外排泵高表达的10株;3种外排泵高表达的4株;4种外排泵同时高表达的2株,4种外排泵表达均未增高的有13株。结论药物外排泵系统在临床全耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制中起着重要作用,研究结果提示可能还存在其他耐药机制或存在外排泵功能与其表达量存在差异的情况。     

Effects of inhaled gentamicin prophylaxis on acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.

Inhaled antibiotics are an established treatment for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, inhaled antibiotics might also have prophylactic potential to delay acquisition of PA in early stages of the disease. From 1986-1999, all CF patients at this center who experienced defined risk situations for acquisition of PA (28 patients) received inhaled gentamicin (80 mg BID for those < 12 months; 120 mg BID for those > 12 months) for a minimum of 3 years. Twelve patients had repeated risk situations and continued this prophylaxis without interruption during the entire study period (group 1). In the remaining 16 patients, inhaled antibiotics were discontinued at various times for a variety of reasons (group 2). None of the patients in group 1, but 7 in group 2, became chronically infected with PA (P = 0.01). Lung function and chest X-ray scores were significantly worse in those 7 infected patients, when compared to the noninfected ones in both groups. This suggests that long-term-prophylaxis with inhaled gentamicin can effectively delay acquisition of PA and decrease disease progression in children with CF.     

大环内酯类抗生素干预治疗肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染的方案研究

目的探讨大环内酯类抗生素干预治疗肺部铜绿假单胞菌(PA)感染的最佳治疗方案。方法79例入选的PA感染病例分为A组(13例)、B组(25例)、C组(19例)、D组(22例),均予头孢他啶和环丙沙星治疗。同时A组予阿奇霉素500mg/次,每日1次;B组予罗红霉素150mg/次,每日2次;C组予红霉素250mg/次,每日4次;D组不予大环内酯类抗生素。观察各组在连续治疗2周有效率和连续治疗2、3、4、5周的治愈率。部分继续干预,部分病人愈后停止干预,观察半年复发率。结果2周有效率和2、3、4、5各周的治愈率在A、B、C各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但均明显比D组高(P<0.05～0.01)。A、B、C组治疗4周治愈率比治疗2、3周显著提高(P<0.01),而治疗5周治愈率比治疗4周提高有限。愈后继续干预4周比愈后停止干预半年复发率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论大环内酯类抗生素干预可显著提高头孢他啶、环丙沙星等抗菌素对PA的疗效,但阿奇霉素、罗红霉素、红霉素之间的种类差别对疗效的影响不大;要达最高疗效,最好要干预4周,可明显降低半年复发率,愈后最好继续干预4周。     

新型mucA基因突变的铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成和藻酸盐相关基因表达的研究

目的 确定黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PA17的mum基因突变位点，研究藻酸盐合成相关基因在其生物被膜形成过程中的表达，并观察PAl7生物被膜形成过程和形态。方法 PCR方法扩增铜绿假单胞菌PA17的mueA基因全长并测序；改良平板培养法建立PA17的生物被膜模型，半定量RT-PCR测定生物被膜形成24h、3d．6d时藻酸盐合成相关基因,algD、algU和algR的表达，并进行统计学分析；扫描电镜观察不同时间点的生物被膜形态。结果 PA17的mucA基因第166～333位核苷酸片段缺失，第342位A→G；其藻酸盐相关基因algD和algU均在生物被膜形成过程的第6天表达水平最高，algR在24h表达最高，单因素方差分析显示，上述基因在生物被膜形成过程不同时间点表达的差异有统计学意义；PA17于第6天形成成熟生物被膜，形态为薄膜状。结论 PA17是一株含新型mucA突变基因的黏液型铜绿假单胞菌，其藻酸盐相关基因在生物被膜形成的不同时间点的表达差异具有统计学意义，其生物被膜形态为薄膜状。