Eating as a function of body weight and of hours deprivation

Five pigeons were allowed one hour of access to food after variable intervals of deprivation averaging 23 hours. Five other pigeons were allowed one hour of food after fixed 23 hour intervals. It was found that the amount eaten by birds in an environment continually alternating between deprivation and one-hour ad lib feeding could be better predicted as a linear function of their body weights than as a 2nd degree polynomial function of the number of hours they were deprived.     

中风病发病前24小时内先兆症状的病例对照研究

采用 1∶2配比的病例—对照研究方法 ,对中风病发病前 2 4小时内的 1 33个症状进行配对条件Logistic分析。结果显示 :偏身麻木是中风病发病前 2 4小时内的主要首发症状 ,其他重要先兆症状包括颈项强急 ,两目干涩 ,二便失禁 ,颜面麻木 ,瞬间头沉 ,反应迟钝 ,瞬间眩晕 ;除此之外 ,急躁 ,构音不清 ,嗜睡 ,手麻 ,步履不正 ,头昏沉或头晕也是不可忽视的先兆症状。并认为反应迟钝与嗜睡是中脏腑之神志障碍方面的先兆症状 ,颈项强急是闭证的先兆症状 ,而二便失禁则是脱证的先兆症状     

缺血性中风发病前24小时内先兆期症状的病例对照研究

采用１∶２ 配比病例对照研究方法，对缺血性中风发病前２４ 小时内的１３３ 个相关症状进行配对条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ 分析，结果显示：偏身麻木是缺血性中风发病前２４ 小时内的主要首发症状；其他重要先兆期症状包括：颈项强急，嗜睡；而急躁，瞬间眩晕，反应迟钝，构音不清，持续眩晕，手麻，头昏沉，步履不正，心烦易怒，头晕为次要先兆期症状。并认为反应迟钝与嗜睡是缺血性中风中脏腑之神志障碍方面的先兆症状，颈项强急是闭证的先兆症状     

THE EFFECTS OF HEALTH STATUS AND HEALTH SHOCKS ON HOURS WORKED

We investigate the impact of health on working hours. This is in recognition of the fact that leaving the labour market because of persistently low levels of health status, or because of new health shocks, is only one of the possible responses open to employees. We use the first six waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to estimate the joint effect of health status and health shocks on working hours. To account for zero working hours, we use a dynamic random effects Tobit model of working hours. We follow Heckman (1981) and approximate the unknown initial conditions with a static equation that utilises information from the first wave of the data. Predicted individual health status is used to ameliorate the possible effects of measurement error and endogeneity. We conclude that overall, lower health status results in fewer working hours and that when they occur, health shocks lead to further reductions in working hours. Estimation results show that the model performs well in separating the time‐persistent effect of health status and the potentially more transient health shocks on working hours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compensating wage differentials and the impact of health insurance in the public sector on wages and hours

This paper examines the trade-off between wages and employer spending on health insurance for public sector workers, and the relationship between coverage and hours worked. Our primary approach compares trends in wages and hours for public employees with and without state/local government provided health insurance using individual-level micro-data from the 1992–2011 CPS. To adjust for differences between insured and uninsured public sector employees, we create a matched sample based on an employee's propensity to receive health insurance. We assess the relationship between state contribution to the health plan premium, state-level healthcare spending, and the wages and hours of state and local government employees. We find modest reductions in wages are associated with having employer-sponsored health insurance (ESHI), although this effect is not precisely measured. The reduction in wages associated with having ESHI is larger among non-unionized workers. Further, we find little evidence that provision of health insurance increases hours worked.     

High Occupational Stress and Low Career Satisfaction of Korean Surgeons

Surgery is a demanding and stressful field in Korea. Occupational stress can adversely affect the quality of care, decrease job satisfaction, and potentially increase medical errors. The aim of this study was to investigate the occupational stress and career satisfaction of Korean surgeons. We have conducted an electronic survey of 621 Korean surgeons for the occupational stress. Sixty-five questions were used to assess practical and personal characteristics and occupational stress using the Korean occupational stress scale (KOSS). The mean KOSS score was 49.31, which was higher than the average of Korean occupational stress (45.86) or that of other specialized professions (46.03). Young age, female gender, long working hours, and frequent night duties were significantly related to the higher KOSS score. Having spouse, having hobby and regular exercise decreased the KOSS score. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that long working hours and regular exercise were the independent factors associated with the KOSS score. Less than 50% of surgeons answered that they would become a surgeon again. Most surgeons (82.5%) did not want to recommend their child follow their career. Korean Surgeons have high occupational stress and low level of career satisfaction.

Graphical Abstract

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