中国脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒VP1区基因突变热点分析

目的研究中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区)急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统中分离到的脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗株病毒VP1区基因核苷酸突变热点及其分子生物学特征。方法对从中国1996~2002年AFP病例中分离的693株单血清型脊灰病毒进行VP1区核苷酸序列测定和分析,并对序列结果进行比对分析和统计学分析。结果VP1区核苷酸序列测定和分析结果,未检出脊灰野病毒,全部为脊灰疫苗株病毒。在所有疫苗株病毒中,发现了一些VP1区基因核苷酸突变热点,例如Ⅰ型病毒的nt2 747位点和nt2 795位点、Ⅱ型病毒的nt2 909位点、Ⅲ型病毒的nt2 636位点,突变发生率分别为34.8%、47.3%、84.8%、53.3%。4个突变热点共有8种核苷酸变异形式,其中3种核苷酸变异形式为转换(Ⅰ型A2795G、Ⅱ型U2909C、Ⅲ型G2636A),另外5种为颠换(Ⅰ型A2747U、A2747C、A2795U和Ⅱ型U2909A、U2909G)。4个突变热点全部导致了编码氨基酸的突变。在编码氨基酸的突变中,除Ⅰ型A2747U、A2 747C、A2 795U导致相似性质的氨基酸之间发生替代外,其余都发生了极性氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸的替换。某些导致不同性质编码氨基酸替换的突变热点同时也是已知的神经毒力决定位点。结论因为有突变热点的存在,说明在VP1区基因中突变的核苷酸并不是完全随机分布的;由于脊灰病毒的VP1区基因突变热点可能与它的生物学特性(如神经毒力)有一定的关联性,因此对VP1区基因突变热点的检测,可作为中国脊灰病毒学监测中的一个重要方法。     

福州人饮食性味凉热和温度高低与体质关系研究

目的 :探讨饮食性味凉热和温度高低对人体影响的规律性与体质的关系。方法 :通过对 2 2 4例的问卷调查 ,了解福州人对饮食性味凉热和 /或温度高低的不同反应 ,用统计学方法探讨其中的相关性和规律性。结果 :①女性恶热性饮食的发生率高于男性 ,其余与性别无关 ;②年龄与恶低温饮食、恶凉性饮食及喜较烫饮食的发生率之间呈显著中度正相关 ;③既往慢性病或症的发生率与恶低温饮食、恶凉性饮食、喜较烫饮食及恶热性饮食的发生率之间呈高度正相关 ;④低温饮食和寒凉性质饮食引发不同系统症状的发生率之间呈高度正相关 ,主要诱发胃肠不适和咳喘 ;⑤热性饮食所引发的症状与中医对“火热”症状的表述相符 ;⑥恶低温饮食、恶凉性饮食、喜较烫饮食及恶热性饮食等不同体质状态 ,在同一人体中重叠出现率大于单独出现率。结论 :饮食性味凉热和温度高低对人体的影响是客观存在的 ,且有明确的规律可循。这种规律与中医对人体现象的观察及关于寒热的理论相一致 ,可作为临床体质辨证的依据 ,进一步深入研究对中医理论及人体科学的发展都有重要意义。     

2种方法预防压疮的效果分析

目的研究液体石蜡对脑血管疾病及颅脑损伤等压疮高危病员的预防效果。方法把120例患者随机分成实验组、对照组。实验组（61例）把石蜡熔化后冷却至40～50℃左右，放在易发生压疮的受压部位；对照组（59例）采取传统翻身按摩法预防压疮，观察2组压疮发生率。结果实验组61例有2例1期压疮发生，对照组59协有10例Ⅰ期压疮发生。通过检验，X^2：6．627，P〈0．05，2组结果差异有统计学意义。结论石蜡热敷预防压疮的发生明显优于翻身按摩法，值得在一临床中推广应用。     

新时期军队医院科研课题管理特点与对策

本文立足于新形势下军队医院工作特点，结合科研工作发展实际，对医院科研课题管理及对策进行研究，为提高医院科研管理水平提供借鉴的经验。     

Associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine in rats: tail-flick and paw-lick assays

Rationale Theories of drug tolerance differentiate between associative and behavioral (instrumental) drug tolerance. However, there is little research comparing these two forms of drug tolerance beyond alcohol and morphine.Objective We examined the time course development of associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine.Methods and results Associative tolerance was investigated by giving independent groups of rats one, five, 15, ten or 20 administrations of nicotine either explicitly paired or unpaired with a distinctive context. Associative tolerance, assessed in the tail flick, developed more rapidly and reached greater magnitude when nicotine and distinctive context were explicitly paired than when they were unpaired. This effect was evidenced after the fifth conditioning session and was maintained through the tenth, 15th, and 20th sessions. Contextual tolerance, assessed in the hot plate, was first evident after ten sessions. However, this effect disappeared safter 15 and 20 sessions. A second study examined the acquisition of behavioral tolerance to the disruptive effects of nicotine on the hot-plate response. Animals that practiced the test response while drugged developed greater tolerance than animals receiving as much nicotine and hot-plate practice but with these two conditions explicitly unpaired. This effect was evident in two different environments but did not generalize to the tail-flick test.Conclusions The findings suggest that contextual tolerance to drug effects is test specific, with tail-flick responses depending on cue-associative tolerance processes and hot-plate responses requiring procedures that allow the animal to practice the test response while drugged.     

Behavioral and social sciences theories and models: are they used in unintentional injury prevention research?

Behavioral and social sciences theories and models have the potential to enhance efforts to reduce unintentional injuries. The authors reviewed the published literature on behavioral and social science theory applications to unintentional injury problems to enumerate and categorize the ways different theories and models are used in injury prevention research. The authors conducted a systematic review to evaluate the published literature from 1980 to 2001 on behavioral and social science theory applications to unintentional injury prevention and control. Electronic database searches in PubMed and PsycINFO identified articles that combined behavioral and social sciences theories and models and injury causes. The authors identified some articles that examined behavioral and social science theories and models and unintentional injury topics, but found that several important theories have never been applied to unintentional injury prevention. Among the articles identified, the PRECEDE PROCEED Model was cited most frequently, followed by the Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model. When behavioral and social sciences theories and models were applied to unintentional injury topics, they were most frequently used to guide program design, implementation or develop evaluation measures; few examples of theory testing were found. Results suggest that the use of behavioral and social sciences theories and models in unintentional injury prevention research is only marginally represented in the mainstream, peer-reviewed literature. Both the fields of injury prevention and behavioral and social sciences could benefit from greater collaborative research to enhance behavioral approaches to injury control.     

Sitz Bath: Where Is the Evidence? Scientific Basis of a Common Practice

PURPOSE This study was designed to determine if evidence exists to justify and support the recommendation of sitz bath in the management of anorectal disorders. METHODS A Medline search was conducted using the key words “sitz bath” and “hot bath.” RESULTS Thirty-six articles were found which highlighted the physiology, benefits, risks, complications, and techniques of sitz bath. Most of the studies were published in gynecologic or nursing journals. One randomized study comparing sitz bath to placebo was found. Two articles speculated that sitz bath induces relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle. Cold sitz bath was reported to decrease perineal edema more than warm sitz bath, although patients tended to prefer the latter. Five articles reported complications of sitz bath, including dissemination of herpes, maternal–neonatal Streptococcus outbreak, and skin burns. CONCLUSION A review of the literature demonstrated a lack of scientific data to support the use of sitz bath in the treatment of anorectal disorders. Additional randomized and controlled clinical studies are needed to investigate whether this time consuming recommendation is beneficial to patients. Reprints are not available.     

Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women

Background. Hot flashes cause significant morbidity in postmenopausal women, including women with breast cancer. We undertook a pilot study to estimate the effectiveness of black cohosh to reduce hot flashes. Methods. Women who reported significant hot flashes (≥ 14 per week) were enrolled. Black cohosh was given in the form of the commercial product Remifemin. The first week was a no-treatment baseline period, and therapy was given for the subsequent 4 weeks. Hot flash data were collected by daily questionnaires during baseline and treatment weeks. Adverse effects were recorded. Results. Twenty-one women completed the study. Their mean age was 56 years (range, 38-80). Thirteen patients had a history of breast cancer. Six patients were taking tamoxifen or raloxifene. Patients reported an average of 8.3 hot flashes per day during the baseline week. The reduction in mean daily hot flash frequency was 50% (95% CI, 34%-65%), while weekly hot flash scores were reduced 56% (95% CI, 40%-71%) at completion of the study. Overall, patients reported less trouble with sleeping, less fatigue, and less abnormal sweating. No patients stopped therapy because of adverse effects. Conclusions. Black cohosh appeared to reduce hot flashes and had a low toxicity. The efficacy found in this trial seems to be more than would be expected by a placebo effect (20%-30% hot flash reduction in previous trials). These results suggest that further evaluation of this black cohosh preparation with a phase III randomized trial is indicated.     

(-)-Linalool produces antinociception in two experimental models of pain

Linalool is a monoterpene compound commonly found as a major component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medical systems as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedies. We previously reported that (-)-linalool, the natural occurring enantiomer, plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory activity displayed by different essential oils, suggesting that linalool-producing species are potentially anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. Moreover, the effect of (-)-linalool on spontaneous locomotor activity (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) was evaluated. The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. In the hot plate test, only the dose of 100 mg/kg of (-)-linalool resulted in a significant effect. (-)-Linalool induced a dose dependent increase of motility effects, thus ruling out the confounding influence of a possible sedative effect. The more pronounced effect of (-)-linalool on the writhing test with respect to the hot plate test is consistent with the observation that (-)-linalool possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, the activation of opioidergic and cholinergic systems appears to play a crucial role in (-)-linalool-induced antinociception.